Risk factors for weight gain during methadone maintenance treatment
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Weight gain was reported during methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). However, its relation to eating habits and specific risk factors, including methadone dose or serum level, was limited. The aims of this study were to characterize risk factors for weight gain and to study current eating habits, food preferences, and nutrition knowledge. METHODS: Patients with available measures of weight and height (body mass index [BMI]) at admission to MMT and at follow-up, when methadone serum levels were determined (after 1 year or when stabilized) (N = 114), were studied (using the Addiction Severity Index [ASI], drugs in urine, methadone doses, and serum levels). In addition, 109 current patients with available earlier (5.8 ± 2.6 years earlier) BMI completed eating behavior rating and nutrition knowledge questionnaires, and their current and earlier BMI were compared. RESULTS: The BMI of 114 newly admitted patients increased from 22.5 ± 3.8 to 24.4 ± 4.3 (P < .0005). Once stabilized on methadone, BMI increased further (24.3 ± 4.5 to 25.6 ± 5.0; P < .0005; n = 74), with no change in methadone doses (125.6 ± 32.5 to 128.0 ± 34.1; F = 1.4, P = .2) or serum levels (495.6 ± 263.7 to 539.8 ± 306.2; F = 1.3, P = .2). Repeated-measures analyses revealed that BMI elevation was higher among 45 hepatitis C virus seronegative and 46 non-benzodiazepine-abusing on-admission patients. Those who scored lower on knowledge about healthy diet and showed a higher sweet-foods preference had a higher BMI. CONCLUSION: BMI increased over time, but independent of methadone dosage and blood levels. As expected, worse diet habits and a desire for sweet foods are related to higher BMI. Paradoxically, healthier status (i.e., hepatitis C seronegative, no benzodiazepine abuse) at admission is predictive of greater weight gain during MMT. Education about nutrition habits is recommended.
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The weight gain effect on methadone maintenance is higher for individuals with less knowledge about healthful eating.
“Individuals on methadone maintenance predictably gain weight (154) particularly among females (155), and this effect is higher for individuals with less knowledge about healthful eating (156).”
From A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health (2019) · cites this paper as [156]
Authors from around the globe have suggested that nutrition interventions may be helpful in combating the opioid crisis.
“Meanwhile, authors from around the globe have suggested that nutrition interventions may be helpful in combating the opioid crisis (156, 198, 221).”
From A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health (2019) · cites this paper as [156]
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“Another study that followed patients on MMT found a significant increase in body mass index (BMI) from 22.5 to 24.4 kg/m² over an average follow-up period of 270 days (Peles et al., 2016).”
Influential
- Authors
- Peles, E., Schreiber, S., Sason, A., & Adelson, M.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Peles, Einat
- Venue
- Substance Abuse
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 613-618
- ISSN
- 0889-7077 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-0164
- OpenAlex
- W2339709656
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 5.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Substance Abuse (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Adelson Family Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- methadone maintenance treatment, weight gain, body mass index, risk factors, dietary habits, nutrition knowledge, sweet food preference, benzodiazepine misuse, methadone dose, opioid use disorder
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food Preferences, Health Status, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Methadone, Opioid-Related Disorders, Narcotics, Psychotropic Drugs, Risk Factors, Weight Gain, Body Mass Index, Young Adult, Opiate Substitution Treatment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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