Why and how to incorporate issues of race/ethnicity and gender in research integrity education

May combine two claims.

There is a strong homophily between identities and topic, suggesting a relationship between diversity in the scientific work force and expansion of the knowledge base.

“Another study found a strong homophily between identities and topic, “suggesting a relationship between diversity in the scientific work force and expansion of the knowledge base” (Kozlowski et al. 2022, 1).”

• cites Kozlowski et al. 2022Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The NASEM consensus report On Being a Scientist, 3rd ed contains no mention of gender, race, or ethnicity; 'sex' is only covered briefly under 'conflict of interest'.

“However, it contains no mention of gender, race, or ethnicity; “sex” is only covered briefly under “conflict of interest” (because romantic relationships can “lead to charges of sexual harassment” (NASEM 2009, 44).”

• cites NASEM 2009Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Issues of race/ethnicity and gender do not appear in the NIH topic lists until the two most recent iterations, and do not feature significantly in the textbook areas.

“Issues of race/ethnicity and gender do not appear in the NIH topic lists until the two most recent iterations (see the bottom two cells in Table 1; more on this below), and do not feature significantly in the textbook areas.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

These possibilities have not been taken up in research integrity education to any significant extent.

“However, these possibilities have not been taken up in research integrity education to any significant extent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The most recent systematic study of resources used in research integrity courses indicated certain textbooks were being used by at least two institutions that responded to a survey.

“The most recent systematic study of resources used in research integrity courses indicated the following textbooks were being used by at least two institutions that responded to a survey (DuBois et al. 2010):”

• cites DuBois et al. 2010Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Assumptions about the default 'neutral male body' have demonstrated problems for females both in mice, where pain in male and female mice were found to be mediated differently, and in humans, where male crash-test dummy data does not hold for female bodies.

“Assumptions about the default “neutral male body” have demonstrated problems for females both in mice, where pain in male and female mice were found to be mediated differently (Sorge et al. 2015), and in humans, where male crash-test dummy data does not hold for female bodies (Gendered Innovations n.d.).”

• cites Sorge et al. 2015Not checked yet

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• cites Gendered Innovations n.d.Not checked yet

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• cites Criado Perez (2019)Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Perceptions of justice in one's workplace are positively associated with self-report of 'ideal' behaviors and negatively associated with self-report of misbehavior and misconduct.

“For example, “[P]erceptions of justice in one's workplace . . .are positively associated with self-report of 'ideal' behaviors and negatively associated with self-report of misbehavior and misconduct” (Anderson et al. 2007;Martinson et al. 2010, 67).”

• cites Anderson et al. 2007Not checked yet

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• cites Martinson et al. 2010Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

There are gender differences in publication acceptance, time to first authorship, and citation, even within the 'scientific elite'.

“For example, self-citation practices vary between genders (King et al. 2017), and there are gender differences in publication acceptance (Symonds et al. 2006), time to first authorship (Feldon et al. 2017), and citation, even within the “scientific elite” (Chatterjee and Werner 2021;Lerman et al. 2022).”

• cites Symonds et al. 2006Not checked yet

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• cites Feldon et al. 2017Not checked yet

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• cites Chatterjee and Werner 2021Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

One study assessing the effect of mentoring women in economics found that this effort increased top-tier publications, the total number of publications, and the total number of successful federal grants.

“One study assessing the effect of mentoring women in economics found that this effort “increased top-tier publications, the total number of publications, and the total number of successful federal grants” (Ginther et al. 2020).”

• cites Ginther et al. 2020Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Gender makeup of a research group affects hierarchy, which in turn may affect competition.

“Gender makeup of a research group affects hierarchy (Ecklund and Di 2017), which in turn may affect competition.”

• cites Ecklund and Di 2017Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Women are more likely to contribute by conducting experiments, while men are more likely to engage in other authorship tasks like conceiving of a project, analyzing data, and writing the paper, which can lead to deprioritized authorship status for women researchers.

“However, women are also more likely to contribute by conducting experiments, while men are more likely to engage in other authorship tasks like conceiving of a project, analyzing data, and writing the paper, which can lead to deprioritized authorship status for women researchers (Macaluso et al. 2016).”

• cites Macaluso et al. 2016Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Collaboration may be improved when there are women in a group, while competitive environments have a perverse effect on collaboration.

“Collaboration may be improved when there are women in a group, while competitive environments have a perverse effect on collaboration (Anderson et al. 2007;Bear and Williams Wooley 2011).”

• cites Anderson et al. 2007Not checked yet

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• cites Bear and Williams Wooley 2011Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

There are other publishing-related biases, including lack of representation of women and non-White scientists on journal editorial boards, time in review, and citation frequency.

“There are other publishing-related biases as well, including lack of representation of women and non-White scientists on journal editorial boards, time in review, and citation frequency (Heidt 2023;Hopkins et al. 2013;Liu, Rahwan, and AlShebli 2023) as well as underrepresentation of females and minorities in first-and senior-author positions (West et al. 2013;Chander et al. 2023).”

• cites Heidt 2023Not checked yet

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• cites Hopkins et al. 2013Not checked yet

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• cites Liu, Rahwan, and AlShebli 2023Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Men are more likely to work with scientists of the same sex, while women are not.

“In addition, men are more likely to work with scientists of the same sex, while women are not (Kwiek and Roszka 2021).”

• cites Kwiek and Roszka 2021Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The CITI training module 'Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) Basic' contributes significantly to RCR education in the United States, and these modules significantly conform to the NIH recommendations.

“The CITI training module “Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) Basic” (CITI n.d..) also contributes significantly to RCR education in the United States, and these modules also significantly conform to the NIH recommendations.”

• cites CITI n.d.Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Considerable variability exists in how institutions implement RCR training.

“It is well-known that considerable variability exists in how institutions implement RCR training (DuBois et al. 2010;Phillips et al. 2018), so I do not mean to imply that regulations determine content.”

• cites DuBois et al. 2010Not checked yet

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• cites Phillips et al. 2018Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The COVID pandemic affected journal submission rates by women significantly more than their male counterparts.

“We also know that the COVID pandemic affected journal submission rates by women significantly more than their male counterparts (Flaherty 2020).”

• cites Flaherty 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). The quote only partly states this claim.

It will be difficult to encourage broad adoption of new topics unless they begin to appear in regulatory recommendations, textbooks, and conferences.

“If so, it will be difficult to encourage broad adoption of new topics unless they • Scientific research and ethics • Misconduct in Research Table 2 shows considerable overlap between the main topics recommended by the NIH (see Table 1) and the two most updated RCR textbooks.”

May combine two claims.

Issues of race/ethnicity and gender can affect research rigor and reliability as well as researchers' perceptions of their work environment.

“As I argue in Section III, issues of race/ethnicity and gender can affect research rigor and reliability as well as researchers' perceptions of their work environment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The National Institutes of Health mandates research integrity education for grant-funded trainees and offers suggested content areas.

“The National Institutes of Health (NIH), a critical funding source for many researchers, mandates research integrity education for grant-funded trainees and offers suggested content areas.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Buzzelli argued that the NSF had successfully been using the 'other serious deviations' aspect of research misconduct to cover other egregious research-related behaviors, and had not applied it to any cases of mere misunderstanding or disagreement.

“Buzzelli argued that the NSF had successfully been using the “other serious deviations” aspect of research misconduct to cover other egregious research-related behaviors, and, contra the worries of some, had not applied it to any cases of mere misunderstanding or disagreement (Buzzelli 1993).”

• cites Buzzelli 1993Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The discussion of the Cape Town Statement at the 2022 WCRI was met with significant international media attention.

“This discussion was met with significant international media attention (Else 2022; O'Grady 2022).”

• cites Else 2022Not checked yet

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• cites O'Grady 2022Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

'Non-epistemic values' in science play a more significant role than is typically realized.

““Non-epistemic values” in science -how an individual's or society's ethical, social, and political values shape the work they engage in, such as what they choose to study and how they interpret the results -play a more significant role than is typically realized.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Educating trainees about epistemic bias and inductive risk would directly contribute to a main aim of RCR courses: fostering research practices that lead to rigorous and reliable scientific results.

“This would directly contribute to a main aim of RCR courses: fostering research practices that lead to rigorous and reliable scientific results.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In 2022, Nature Portfolio issued a new policy on equity and 'citational justice' in international collaborative research, acknowledging the forthcoming WCRI Cape Town Statement and the guidance of the Global Code of Conduct for Research in Resource-Poor Settings.

“Also in 2022, the Nature Portfolio issued a new policy on equity and “citational justice” in international collaborative research, acknowledging the forthcoming WCRI Cape Town Statement and the guidance of the Global Code of Conduct for Research in Resource-Poor Settings (Editors 2022; TRUST 2018).”

• cites Editors 2022Not checked yet

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• cites TRUST 2018Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In the United States, regulatory research ethics education requirements came about as a result of factors including growing evidence that mentorship practices at the time were insufficient and sensational research misconduct cases that resulted in Congressional hearings.

“As Kalichman points out (Kalichman 2013a, 382-383), in the United States these requirements came about as a result of a few factors, including growing evidence that mentorship practices at the time were insufficient for conveying responsible research practices, and sensational research misconduct cases that resulted in Congressional hearings to address the problem.”

• cites Kalichman 2013aNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Recent efforts to address issues of race/ethnicity and gender in research integrity may have the effect of moving education to address these topics relatively soon.

“However, recent efforts to address issues of race/ethnicity and gender in research integrity may have this effect, and relatively soon.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 2022 World Conference on Research Integrity in Cape Town, South Africa included discussion of a preconference paper, 'Fostering Research Integrity through the promotion of fairness, equity and diversity in research collaborations and contexts: Towards a Cape Town Statement'.

“The 2022 World Conference on Research Integrity (WCRI) in Cape Town, South Africa included discussion of a preconference paper, “Fostering Research Integrity through the promotion of fairness, equity and diversity in research collaborations and contexts: Towards a Cape Town Statement” (Horn et al. 2022).”

• cites Horn et al. 2022Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Considerations of misconduct and questionable practices in research have often framed the problem as the result of a few 'bad apples,' but the focus has increasingly shifted to considering how a 'bad barrel' can affect individuals' behaviors.

“Considerations of misconduct and questionable practices in research have often framed the problem as the result of a few “bad apples.”But the focus has increasingly shifted to considering how a “bad barrel” -in other words, the structures within which individuals operate -can affect individuals' behaviors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Public Health Service soon adopted a similar definition, including 'practices that seriously deviate' from common practice.

“The Public Health Service (PHS) soon adopted a similar definition, including “practices that seriously deviate” from common practice (Federal Register 1989).”

• cites Federal Register 1989Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Scholars in the philosophy of science and Science and Technology Studies have shown that science is not the purely logical, objective, linear practice many assume it to be.

“Scholars in the philosophy of science and Science and Technology Studies (STS) have shown that science is not the purely logical, objective, linear practice many assume it to be.”

May combine two claims.

Non-epistemic values are suffused throughout the external processes of science, and ignoring this fact exposes us to inductive risk.

“These non-epistemic values are suffused throughout the external processes of science, and ignoring this fact exposes us to inductive risk.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Educating trainees about epistemic bias and inductive risk (including but not limited to issues of race/ethnicity and gender) might allow instructors to explore how researchers' perspectives may affect their choice of topic or methods in both positive and negative ways.

“Educating trainees about epistemic bias and inductive risk (including but not limited to issues of race/ethnicity and gender) might allow instructors to explore how researchers' perspectives may affect their choice of topic or methods -in both positive and negative ways.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Wellcome Trust has introduced a new set of policies focused on diversity initiatives and requirements for how awardees handle harassment and bullying.

“A major funding agency in the UK, the Wellcome Trust, has introduced a new set of policies focused on diversity initiatives (both within its own organization and among its awardees) and requirements for how awardees handle harassment and bullying (Wellcome Trust n.d.-a and n.d.-b).”

• cites Wellcome Trust n.d.-a and n.d.-bNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Douglas analyzes research on the effects of environmental dioxin, demonstrating how the choice between two statistical approaches may depend on whether it is preferable to accept a greater risk of false positive findings or a greater risk of false negative findings.

“For example, Douglas analyzes research on the effects of environmental dioxin, demonstrating how the choice between two statistical approaches may depend on whether it is preferable to accept a greater risk of false positive findings (e. g., a test that incorrectly concludes environmental dioxin levels exceed a given amount) or a greater risk of false negative findings (e. g., the test incorrectly”

• cites Douglas 2000Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Tensions arising from issues of race/ethnicity and gender can affect researchers' perceptions of the environment within which they conduct their work, which has been shown to affect their own behaviors.

“Second, tensions arising from issues of race/ethnicity and gender can affect researchers' perceptions of the environment within which they conduct their work, which has been shown to affect their own behaviors.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Inductive risk does not refer to an accidental departure from an ideal scientific process; because the acceptance of a hypothesis is not established with certainty based on evidence, non-epistemic values must be invoked to determine which hypothesis to accept.

“Inductive risk does not refer to an accidental departure from an ideal scientific process: because the acceptance of a hypothesis is not established with certainty based on evidence, the term points out where non-epistemic values must be invoked to determine which hypothesis to accept.”

• cites Douglas 2000Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In its first research misconduct policy, the National Science Foundation defined misconduct as 'fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other serious deviation from accepted practice in proposing, carrying out, or reporting results from research'.

“In its first research misconduct policy, the National Science Foundation (NSF) defined misconduct as “fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other serious deviation from accepted practice in proposing, carrying out, or reporting results from research” (Federal Register 1987, emphasis added).”

• cites Federal Register 1987Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Buzzelli argued that if harm to science constitutes research misconduct, this case was unquestionably research misconduct because science is harmed when students are taught to advance themselves by submitting to a research director's sexual demands.

“Buzzelli argued that if harm to science constitutes research misconduct, this case was unquestionably research misconduct because “[s]cience is harmed when students in a Research Experiences for Undergraduates project are taught to advance themselves by submitting to a research director's sexual demands” (Buzzelli 1993, 647).”

• cites Buzzelli 1993Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Three specialized CITI training modules were recently added on sex and gender; gender and sexual minorities in research; and race/ethnicity.

“And three specialized CITI training modules (separate from the basic RCR course) were recently added on sex and gender; gender and sexual minorities in research; and race/ethnicity (CITI 2021(CITI , 2022(CITI , 2023)).”

• cites CITI 2021Not checked yet

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• cites CITI 2022Not checked yet

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• cites CITI 2023Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Schachman responded that maintaining the 'other serious deviations' aspect of research misconduct was 'a preposterous and appalling application of the definition of scientific misconduct'.

“Schachman responded that maintaining the “other serious deviations” aspect of research misconduct was “a preposterous and appalling application of the definition of scientific misconduct” (Schachman 1993, 149).”

• cites Schachman 1993Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The National Academy of Sciences Panel on Scientific Responsibility published its opposition to the 'serious deviation' aspect of the definition of misconduct, arguing that it could be applied inappropriately in cases of disputed scientific judgment.

“But soon after, the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Scientific Responsibility published its opposition to the “serious deviation” aspect of the definition of misconduct, arguing that it “could be applied inappropriately in cases of disputed scientific judgment” (NASEM Panel on Scientific Responsibility NASEM 1992, 85-86).”

• cites NASEM 1992Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the 2022 version of the NIH requirements, 'Safe research environments (e.g., those that promote inclusion and are free of sexual, racial, ethnic, disability and other forms of discriminatory harassment)' was added.

“In the 2019 version of the NIH requirements (see Table 1), the topic “civility issues in research environments, including but not limited to, harassment, bullying, and inappropriate behavior” was added, and in the 2022 version, “Safe research environments (e. g., those that promote inclusion and are free of sexual, racial, ethnic, disability and other forms of discriminatory harassment)” was added”

May combine two claims.

Inappropriately biologizing racial categories can bias research results and perpetuate poor practices.

“Inappropriately biologizing racial categories can bias research results and perpetuate poor practices (Kahn 2011(Kahn , 2012;;Kaplan and Bennett 2003;Perez-Rodriguez and de la Fuente 2017;Soo-Jin et al. 2008).”

• cites Kahn 2011Not checked yet

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• cites Kahn 2012Not checked yet

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• cites Kaplan and Bennett 2003Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Values are needed to weigh the consequences of the possible errors one makes in accepting or rejecting a hypothesis.

“As Douglas puts it, “ [v]alues are needed to weigh the consequences of the possible errors one makes in accepting or rejecting a hypothesis, i. e., the consequences that follow from the inductive risk” (Douglas 2000, 562).”

• cites Douglas 2000Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One possible explanation for the lacuna of race/ethnicity and gender in research integrity education is a historical debate within the field about the appropriate definition of 'research misconduct'.

“One possible explanation for this lacuna is a historical debate within the field about the appropriate definition of “research misconduct.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kalichman has defined the focus of research integrity education as 'the specialized practices that constitute the responsible planning, conduct, and reporting of research'.

“Kalichman has defined the focus of research integrity education as “the specialized practices that constitute the responsible planning, conduct, and reporting of research” (Kalichman 2013a, 381).”

• cites Kalichman 2013aNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A related debate about whether sexual harassment ought to count as research misconduct occurred in the pages of Science between Donald Buzzelli and Howard Schachman.

“A related debate about whether sexual harassment ought to count as research misconduct occurred in the pages of Science between a senior NSF scientist, Donald Buzzelli, and a UC Berkeley professor, Howard Schachman.”

• cites Buzzelli 1993Not checked yet

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• cites Schachman 1993Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Trainees funded by NSF grants are required to have training in research integrity per the America COMPETES Act (2007).

“Trainees funded by National Science Foundation (NSF) grants are also required to have training in research integrity per the America COMPETES Act (2007)”

• cites America COMPETES Act (2007)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The ways in which issues of identity permeate RCR topics is clear.

“The ways in which issues of identity permeate RCR topics is clear.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

If contributing factors of problematic research environments include issues of race/ethnicity and gender, these may be important topics to include in research integrity education.

“If contributing factors of problematic research environments include issues of race/ethnicity and gender, these may be important topics to include in research integrity education.”

May combine two claims.

Mentoring can affect what is studied, who studies it, and the success of those researchers.

“Thus, mentoring can affect what is studied, who studies it, and the success of those researchers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Pretending there are always neutral approaches to research, and neutral environments within which research takes place, ignores all evidence to the contrary.

“Pretending there are always neutral approaches to research, and neutral environments within which research takes place, ignores all evidence to the contrary.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants at a 2019 Office of Research Integrity conference shared several active-learning activities incorporating issues of race/ethnicity and gender.

“For example, participants at a 2019 Office of Research Integrity (ORI) conference shared several active-learning activities incorporating issues of race/ethnicity and gender.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

There are ways to teach issues of race/ethnicity and gender that complement what is already taught in research integrity education, without much extra demand on faculty or student time.

“Fortunately, as I show above, there are ways to teach these topics that complement what we already teach, without much extra demand on faculty or student time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Teaching students how issues like race/ethnicity and gender permeate the research context teaches them about the effect of one's environment on one's own behavior.

“As I argued in section III, to teach students how issues like race/ethnicity and gender permeate the research context is to teach them about epistemic bias and inductive risk; about the effect of one's environment on one's own behavior; and about how the structures of their profession can affect their and their colleagues' behavior.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Discussing race/ethnicity and gender issues in research integrity education might help foster good research cultures.

“A recent Wellcome trust survey found that one of the most common suggestions for a good research culture was one where “diversity is encouraged and celebrated,” suggesting that discussing race/ethnicity and gender issues in research integrity education might help foster good research cultures (Wellcome Trust 2020).”

• cites Wellcome Trust 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The empirical work cited in the paper relies on a gender binary (male or female).

“Although scholarship in this area distinguishes between biological sex and gender, the empirical work I cite here relies on a gender binary (male or female), so I confine my discussion of empirical studies to this binary.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Each of these teachings has the potential to improve research through making research less narrow, and making the research environment less hostile or stressful.

“Each of these has the potential to improve research through making research less narrow, and making the research environment less hostile or stressful (with concomitant effects on the work and workforce).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A recent consensus statement recommends practices to foster more fair and equitable authorship in international collaborations.

“But a recent consensus statement recommends practices to foster more fair and equitable authorship in international collaborations (Morton et al. 2021).”

• cites Morton et al. 2021Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There are many important candidate topics for RCR courses.

“However, there are many important candidate topics for RCR courses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Didactic education about the kind of research cited above will inform students about particular problem areas and suggest focal areas for improvement.

“Didactic education about the kind of research cited above will inform students about particular problem areas and suggest focal areas for improvement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Discussing gender, race and ethnicity, and power disparities is likely to contribute meaningfully to the current emphasis on building a supportive research culture.

“Perhaps more importantly, discussing gender, race and ethnicity, and power disparities seems likely to contribute meaningfully to the current emphasis on building a supportive research culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeo-Teh and Tang (2021) explore the possibility that education about structural facets of the research environment may offer both empowerment and inoculation against the kinds of cultures that have been shown to foster misconduct and misbehavior.

“For example, Yeo-Teh and Tang (2021) explore the possibility that education about such structural facets of the research environment may offer both empowerment and inoculation against the kinds of cultures that have been shown to foster misconduct and misbehavior.”

• cites Yeo-Teh and Tang (2021)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Active learning strategies may significantly help to address these topics in research integrity education.

“Active learning strategies may significantly help to address these topics in research integrity education.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

We already acknowledge the effects of structural factors in RCR courses.

“We already acknowledge the effects of these structural factors in RCR courses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

We may realize greater benefits when students are trained to see the structural features in research and the effect they have on both their own choices and research more broadly.

“But we may realize greater benefits when students are trained to see the structural features in research and the effect they have on both their own choices and research more broadly.”

May combine two claims.

Issues of race/ethnicity and gender affect the specialized practices that constitute responsible planning, conduct, and reporting of research and affect research culture.

“I have argued that issues of race/ethnicity and gender do affect these specialized practices and research culture, making them important candidates for inclusion in research integrity education.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Implementing discussions of gender and race/ethnicity in research integrity education could illuminate for students the way that structural factors based on identity may also affect research culture.

“Thus, implementing discussions of gender and race/ethnicity in research integrity education could illuminate for students the way that structural factors based on identity may also affect research culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Any suggestion of adding new material to research integrity education is likely to meet resistance given the limited time available for covering the existing range of topics.

“Yet any suggestion of adding new material to research integrity education is likely to meet resistance given the limited time available for covering the existing range of topics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The idea of a bad barrel rather than bad apples is increasingly being incorporated in research integrity instruction.

“The idea of a bad barrel rather than bad apples is increasingly being incorporated in research integrity instruction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Teaching students how issues like race/ethnicity and gender permeate the research context teaches them about how the structures of their profession can affect their and their colleagues' behavior.

“As I argued in section III, to teach students how issues like race/ethnicity and gender permeate the research context is to teach them about epistemic bias and inductive risk; about the effect of one's environment on one's own behavior; and about how the structures of their profession can affect their and their colleagues' behavior.”