Temporal fluctuations of cytokine concentrations in human milk
Abstract
Circadian rhythms affect the circulating levels of proteins that can modulate immune responses. Cytokines represent a group of proteins present in breast milk that modulate the immune system, but the effects of fluctuations of these proteins have not yet been elucidated. In this work, the cytokines present in human milk were quantified, taking into account the phases of the day and the maturation stages of human milk. Samples were collected at different stages of milk maturation and in two phases, day and night. The levels of cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ and IL-17 were evaluated by flow cytometry. All quantified cytokines showed chronobiological variations with regard to the phase of day and/or stage of breast milk maturation. These data indicate that cytokines are subjected to fluctuations, and this knowledge is important for the use of human breast milk as an intervention strategy.
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Breast milk is believed to play an important role in determining the circadian phase in infants, evident by circadian variation in nutrient composition of breast milk and cytokine concentrations.
“Breast milk is also believed to play an important role in determining the circadian phase in infants, which is evident by the circadian variation in nutrient composition of breast milk (90–93) and cytokine concentrations (93).”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [93]
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References 37 · Cited by 23
- Authors
- Morais, T. C., Honorio-França, A. C., Silva, R. R., Fujimori, M., Fagundes, D. L. G., & França, E. L.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (BR)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- França, Eduardo Luzía
- Venue
- Biological Rhythm Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-07-02
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 811-821
- ISSN
- 0929-1016 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-4179
- OpenAlex
- W1675808930
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 0.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Rhythm Research (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES
- Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa – CNPq (475739/2011-6, 308702/2013-1, 475238/2013-3)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- breast milk, cytokines, circadian rhythm, chronobiology, diurnal variation, interleukins, TNF-α, interferon-gamma, IL-17, infant immunity
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