Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health
Open accessAbstract
Chrono-nutrition is an emerging research field in nutritional epidemiology that encompasses 3 dimensions of eating behavior: timing, frequency, and regularity. To date, few studies have investigated how an individual's circadian typology, i.e., one's chronotype, affects the association between chrono-nutrition and cardiometabolic health. This review sets the directions for future research by providing a narrative overview of recent epidemiologic research on chronotype, its determinants, and its association with dietary intake and cardiometabolic health. Limited research was found on the association between chronotype and dietary intake in infants, children, and older adults. Moreover, most of the evidence in adolescents and adults was restricted to cross-sectional surveys with few longitudinal cohorts simultaneously collecting data on chronotype and dietary intake. There was a gap in the research concerning the association between chronotype and the 3 dimensions of chrono-nutrition. Whether chronotype modifies the association between diet and cardiometabolic health outcomes remains to be elucidated. In conclusion, further research is required to understand the interplay between chronotype, chrono-nutrition, and cardiometabolic health outcomes.
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TL;DR
This narrative review summarizes epidemiologic evidence on chronotype measurement, determinants, and associations with dietary intake, eating behavior, and cardiometabolic health. It concludes that evening chronotype is generally linked to less healthy dietary patterns and higher cardiometabolic risk, but causality and the role of chrono-nutrition remain unresolved.
Key findings
- Evening chronotype was associated with lower fruit and vegetable intake and higher intake of energy drinks, alcoholic, sugary, and caffeinated beverages, and higher energy from fat. In UK Biobank, adults with a morning chronotype consumed a mean of 0.25 more servings of fruit and 0.13 more servings of vegetables/d than evening chronotypes.
- In FINRISK 2007, evening types had 1.3-fold greater odds of arterial hypertension and 2.5-fold greater odds of type 2 diabetes than morning types. In the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, evening chronotype was associated with higher prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome after adjustment, with diabetes in men and metabolic syndrome in women.
- Chronotype shifts across the life course: >90% of 2-y-old children had a morning chronotype, declining to 58% by age 6 y. In 6631 Italian adolescents aged 14–18 y, eveningness was associated with later bedtime and wake-up time, shorter time in bed during the week, longer time in bed at the weekend, irregular sleep-wake schedule, and more frequent napping during school days.
- Among 194 non–shift-working type 2 diabetes patients, 22 (11.3%) reported skipping breakfast; breakfast skippers had higher HbA1c, higher BMI, and later midpoint of sleep, and the relation between breakfast skipping and HbA1c was reported to be mediated by chronotype.
Methods
- Narrative review/overview of recent epidemiologic research on chronotype, its measurement, nonmodifiable and modifiable determinants, and its association with dietary intake, eating behavior, and cardiometabolic health.
- Evidence base: observational studies summarized in Tables 1 and 2, mostly cross-sectional surveys in adolescents and adults, with few longitudinal cohorts simultaneously collecting chronotype and dietary intake; populations included infants/children, adolescents, adults, older adults, and clinical groups such as type 2 diabetes.
- Main analysis: narrative synthesis; no systematic search, meta-analysis, or formal risk-of-bias assessment is reported.
Limitations
- The paper states that most evidence is cross-sectional, so cause and effect or temporality cannot be determined; studies were also limited by unrepresentative samples, small sample sizes, selection bias, and other observational-study biases.
- The paper states that evidence is limited in infants, older adults, and those at risk of cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes; dietary assessment methods varied, with most using FFQs or 24-h recalls that either do not capture timing of consumption or do not permit assessment of day-to-day variability.
- The paper states that no study assessed the context within which foods are consumed at different time points, and no study examined whether chronotype affects the association between diet and cardiometabolic health across life stages. It also states that the applicability of different chronotype assessment methods remains to be established, with inconsistent correlations between MCTQ or MEQ and DLMO. Evident from the text: as a narrative review, no systematic search or quality appraisal is described.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 167 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingnone given
In epidemiology, research on chrono-nutrition is hindered because few cross-sectional surveys or longitudinal cohorts assess chronotype or use dietary assessment methods that permit assessment of the timing of dietary intake.
“In epidemiology, such research is currently hindered by the fact that few cross-sectional surveys or longitudinal cohorts assess chronotype or use dietary assessment methods that permit assessment of the timing of dietary intake.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
There is a gap in research on the association between chronotype and the three dimensions of chrono-nutrition.
“There was a gap in the research concerning the association between chronotype and the 3 dimensions of chrono-nutrition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Limited research exists on the association between chronotype and dietary intake in infants, children, and older adults.
“Limited research was found on the association between chronotype and dietary intake in infants, children, and older adults.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Few studies have investigated how an individual's chronotype affects the association between chrono-nutrition and cardiometabolic health.
“To date, few studies have investigated how an individual's circadian typology, i.e., one's chronotype, affects the association between chrono-nutrition and cardiometabolic health.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Correlations between MEQ and DLMO have not been investigated in larger samples of the population.
“To our knowledge, such correlations have as yet not been investigated in larger samples of the population (26).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] Kantermann, 2015, Comparing the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and Munich ChronoType Questionnaire to the Dim Light Melatonin Onset, J Biol Rhythms source
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- Findingcitation
Other variations of the MEQ have been proposed but remain to be validated in large-scale studies.
“Other variations of the MEQ have been proposed but remain to be validated in large-scale studies (35).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] Turco, 2015, The self-morningness/eveningness (Self-ME): an extremely concise and totally subjective assessment of diurnal preference, Chronobiol Int source
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- Findingcitation
Country-specific differences in chronotype have been reported by several studies.
“Accordingly, country-specific differences in chronotype have been reported by several studies (46, 56–58).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [46] Malone, 2016, Ethnic differences in sleep duration and morning-evening type in a population sample, Chronobiol Int source
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- cites [56] Randler, 2008, Morningness-eveningness comparison in adolescents from different countries around the world, Chronobiol Int source
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- cites [57] Randler, 2015, Cross-cultural comparison of seven morningness and sleep-wake measures from Germany, India and Slovakia, Int J Psychol source
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- cites [58] Horzum, 2015, Morningness–eveningness and the environment hypothesis – a cross-cultural comparison of Turkish and German adolescents, Chronobiol Int source
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- Findingcitation
Findings on sleep debt and weekend compensation have been replicated in other populations and countries.
“These findings have been replicated in other populations and countries (68, 69).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [68] Yadav, 2014, Relationship of chronotype to sleep pattern in a cohort of college students during work days and vacation days, Indian J Exp Biol
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- cites [69] Kabrita, 2014, Predictors of poor sleep quality among Lebanese university students: association between evening typology, lifestyle behaviors, and sleep habits, Nat Sci Sleep source
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- Findingnone given
There are limited studies that have investigated the association between chronotype and diet in infants and young children.
“To date, there are limited studies that have investigated the association between chronotype and diet in infants and young children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
The few studies that have investigated chronotype in young children, through the use of the Children's Chronotype Questionnaire or DLMO, all have repeatedly observed a greater prevalence of morning chronotype in young children.
“The few studies that have investigated chronotype in young children, through the use of the Children's Chronotype Questionnaire or DLMO, all have repeatedly observed a greater prevalence of morning chronotype in young children (5, 94, 95).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [5] Roenneberg, 2004, A marker for the end of adolescence, Curr Biol source
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- cites [94] Simpkin, 2014, Chronotype is associated with the timing of the circadian clock and sleep in toddlers, J Sleep Res source
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- cites [95] Werner, 2009, Assessment of chronotype in four- to eleven-year-old children: reliability and validity of the Children's Chronotype Questionnaire (CCTQ), Chronobiol Int source
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- Findingnone given
It is not clear based on currently available literature whether chronotype is a determinant of eating patterns or food intake or merely a reflection of a complex set of behaviors that also affect diet.
“It is not clear based on the currently available literature whether or not chronotype is a determinant (causal factor) of eating patterns or food intake or merely a reflection of a complex set of behaviors that also affect diet (associated to diet owing to confounding factors).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Misalignment between the sleep-awake, fasting-feeding cycles, and the light-dark cycle disrupts natural oscillations of glucose, lipid metabolism, and blood pressure, eventually increasing risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
“The resulting misalignment between the sleep-awake, fasting-feeding cycles, and the light-dark cycle subsequently disrupts the natural oscillations of physiologic processes such as glucose, lipid metabolism, and blood pressure, eventually manifesting itself as heightened risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (1–4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [1] Almoosawi, 2016, Chrono-nutrition: a review of current evidence from observational studies on global trends in time-of-day of energy intake and its association with obesity, Proc Nutr Soc source
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- cites [2] Johnston, 2016, Circadian rhythms, metabolism, and chrononutrition in rodents and humans, Adv Nutr source
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- cites [3] Bedrosian, 2016, Endocrine effects of circadian disruption, Annu Rev Physiol source
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- cites [4] St-Onge, 2017, Meal timing and frequency: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation source
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- Premisecitation
DLMO sampling procedures are burdensome in large-scale studies because they require a large set of resources and participant supervision.
“Such sampling procedures may be burdensome in the context of large-scale studies, because they require a large set of resources and participant supervision (26).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] Kantermann, 2015, Comparing the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and Munich ChronoType Questionnaire to the Dim Light Melatonin Onset, J Biol Rhythms source
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- Premisecitation
The underlying distribution of chronotypes follows a normal bell shape, with tail ends reflecting extreme morning and evening chronotypes.
“there is evidence to suggest that the underlying distribution of chronotypes follows a normal bell shape, with tail ends reflecting extreme morning and evening chronotypes (6).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Allebrandt, 2008, The search for circadian clock components in humans: new perspectives for association studies, Braz J Med Biol Res source
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- Premisecitation
The most reliable measure of circadian phase in the human master clock is dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO).
“Currently, the most reliable measure of circadian phase in the human master clock is DLMO (26).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] Kantermann, 2015, Comparing the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and Munich ChronoType Questionnaire to the Dim Light Melatonin Onset, J Biol Rhythms source
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- Interpretationreasoning
Chronotype-driven differences in timing of energy and macronutrient intake may result in a redistribution of energy and macronutrient intake towards later in the day.
“This, in turn, may result in a redistribution of energy and macronutrient intake towards later in the day.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Cost, participant burden, and misreporting affect the scalability of epidemiologic studies that use traditional paper-based 24-h recalls or food records to capture timing, frequency, and regularity of eating.
“To this end, factors such as cost, participant burden, and misreporting continue to affect the scalability of the few epidemiologic studies that deploy traditional paper-based 24-h recalls or food records to capture the 3 time dimensions of eating (23).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Amoutzopoulos, 2018, J Nutr Sci source
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- Premisecitation
Food intake and eating patterns exhibit diurnal rhythms.
“Food intake and eating patterns likewise exhibit diurnal rhythms (14, 17)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The timing of dietary intake, so-called chrono-nutrition, may be influenced by an individual's chronotype.
“there is emerging evidence suggesting that the timing of dietary intake, so-called chrono-nutrition, may be influenced by an individual's chronotype (18–21).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [18] Bravo, 2013, Tryptophan-enriched cereal intake improves nocturnal sleep, melatonin, serotonin, and total antioxidant capacity levels and mood in elderly humans, Age source
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- cites [19] Meule, 2012, Skipping breakfast: morningness-eveningness preference is differentially related to state and trait food cravings, Eat Weight Disord
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- cites [20] Randler, 2010, Morningness-eveningness, habitual sleep-wake variables and cortisol level, Biol Psychol source
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- cites [21] Reutrakul, 2014, The relationship between breakfast skipping, chronotype, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, Chronobiol Int source
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- Premisecitation
The role of social factors as key modifiable determinants of an individual's chronotype is increasingly recognized.
“Indeed, the role of social factors as key modifiable determinants of an individual's chronotype is increasingly recognized (64, 65).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [64] Levandovski, 2011, Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population, Chronobiol Int source
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- cites [65] Carvalho, 2014, Differences in circadian patterns between rural and urban populations: an epidemiological study in countryside, Chronobiol Int source
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- Premisecitation
Genome-wide association studies using questionnaire-based chronotype evaluations have characterized important polymorphisms in regions containing known clock genes as well as other loci.
“More recently, genome-wide association studies that used questionnaire-based evaluations of individual chronotypes have characterized important polymorphisms in regions containing known clock genes as well as other loci (40–43).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [40] Hu, 2016, GWAS of 89,283 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with self-reporting of being a morning person, Nat Commun source
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- cites [41] Allebrandt, 2010, CLOCK gene variants associate with sleep duration in two independent populations, Biol Psychiatry source
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- cites [42] Jones, 2016, Genome-wide association analyses in 128,266 individuals identifies new morningness and sleep duration loci, PLoS Genet source
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- cites [43] Lane, 2016, Genome-wide association analysis identifies novel loci for chronotype in 100,420 individuals from the UK Biobank, Nat Commun source
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- Premisecitation
Boys whose parents did not enforce a bedtime routine during childhood were more likely to have an evening chronotype during adolescence.
“For instance, boys whose parents did not enforce a bedtime routine during childhood were more likely to have an evening chronotype during adolescence (53).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [53] Takeuchi, 2001, Parental enforcement of bedtime during childhood modulates preference of Japanese junior high school students for eveningness chronotype, Chronobiol Int source
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- Premisecitation
In women, but not in men, having children was found to be the strongest determinant of morningness.
“For instance, in women, but not in men, having children was found to be the strongest determinant of morningness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [49] Leonhard, 2009, In sync with the family: children and partners influence the sleep-wake circadian rhythm and social habits of women, Chronobiol Int source
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- Premisecitation
Individuals with British black ethnicity are 1.4 times more likely to have a morning chronotype compared with white British, according to UK Biobank data.
“In relation to ethnicity, data from the UK Biobank Study have demonstrated that individuals with a British black ethnicity are 1.4 times more likely to have a morning chronotype compared with white British (46).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [46] Malone, 2016, Ethnic differences in sleep duration and morning-evening type in a population sample, Chronobiol Int source
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- Premisecitation
The distribution of chronotype in urban São Paulo in Brazil was similar to that in London despite differences in latitude.
“One particular study found that the distribution of chronotype in urban Sao Pãulo in Brazil was similar to that in London, despite differences in latitude (61).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [61] von Schantz, 2015, Distribution and heritability of diurnal preference (chronotype) in a rural Brazilian family-based cohort, the Baependi study, Sci Rep source
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- Premisecitation
Germans have a greater prevalence of evening chronotype than Indians and Slovakians.
“In a cross-country comparison, Germans were found to have a greater prevalence of evening chronotype than were Indians and Slovakians (57).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [57] Randler, 2015, Cross-cultural comparison of seven morningness and sleep-wake measures from Germany, India and Slovakia, Int J Psychol source
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- Premisecitation
Individuals with black ethnicity are more likely to undertake shift work according to some studies.
“individuals with a black ethnicity are more likely to undertake shift work according to some studies (46, 47).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [46] Malone, 2016, Ethnic differences in sleep duration and morning-evening type in a population sample, Chronobiol Int source
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- cites [47] Jackson, 2014, Racial/ethnic disparities in short sleep duration by occupation: the contribution of immigrant status, Soc Sci Med source
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- Premisecitation
Disruptions in circadian biology arising from aging are believed to underlie the change in chronotype in older adults.
“In relation to older adults, disruptions in circadian biology arising from the aging process are believed to underlie the change in chronotype (54)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [54] Chen, 2016, Effects of aging on circadian patterns of gene expression in the human prefrontal cortex, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
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- Premisecitation
Turkish adolescents are more likely to have a morning chronotype than German adolescents.
“In a comparable study, Turkish adolescents were more likely to have a morning chronotype than were German adolescents (58).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [58] Horzum, 2015, Morningness–eveningness and the environment hypothesis – a cross-cultural comparison of Turkish and German adolescents, Chronobiol Int source
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- Premisecitation
Both genetic variations and environmental factors influence the distribution of chronotypes in a given population.
“Both genetic variations and environmental factors influence the distribution of chronotypes in a given population (24) (Figure 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Wittmann, 2006, Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time, Chronobiol Int source
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- Interpretationcitation
Genetic variants may underlie some interindividual and interethnic differences in the period of the endogenous circadian cycle that manifest as differences in chronotype.
“Such genetic variants may underlie some of the interindividual (44) and interethnic differences (45) in the period (or τ) of the endogenous circadian cycle that manifest themselves as differences in chronotype.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The MCTQ provides detailed information on sleep-wake behavior that allows assessment of social jet lag.
“Overall, the MCTQ provides the advantage of collecting detailed information on sleep-wake behavior that allows for the assessment of phenomena such as social jet lag (difference in mid-sleep timing between school and work days and school- and work-free days) (24, 33).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [24] Wittmann, 2006, Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time, Chronobiol Int source
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- cites [33] Zavada, 2005, Comparison of the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire with the Horne-Östberg's Morningness-Eveningness Score, Chronobiol Int source
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- Premisecitation
In a small-scale Japanese study (n = 111), children aged 1-6 y who drank bovine milk at breakfast more than once a week and ate breakfast 4 times/wk were more likely to shift from an evening to a morning chronotype.
“Children who drank milk at breakfast more than once a week and who ate breakfast 4 times/wk were more likely to shift from an evening to a morning chronotype (99).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [99] Kawada, 2016, Questionnaire and intervention study on effects of drinking cows' milk at breakfast on the circadian typology and mental health of Japanese infants aged 1 - 6 years, Nat Sci
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- Premisecitation
In another study, individuals with an evening chronotype had inadequate intakes of several minerals and vitamins including calcium, magnesium, zinc, vitamin D, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6.
“In another study, individuals with an evening chronotype likewise had inadequate intakes of several minerals and vitamins including calcium, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin D, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 (82).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [82] Sato-Mito, 2011, Dietary intake is associated with human chronotype as assessed by both morningness-eveningness score and preferred midpoint of sleep in young Japanese women, Int J Food Sci Nutr source
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- Premisecitation
In a sample of the general population in Switzerland and Germany, individuals with an evening chronotype accumulate sleep debt during the work week, which they compensate for by sleeping longer on weekends.
“Accordingly, in a sample of the general population in Switzerland and Germany, it was observed that individuals with an evening chronotype accumulate sleep debt during the work week, which they compensate for by sleeping longer on weekends (66).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [66] Roenneberg, 2003, Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes, J Biol Rhythms source
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- Premisecitation
Irregularity in timing of eating based on an individual's chronotype has also been reported in relation to timing of lunch.
“This irregularity in timing of eating based on an individual's chronotype has also been reported in relation to timing of lunch (76, 81).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [76] Silva, 2016, Chronotype, social jetlag and sleep debt are associated with dietary intake among Brazilian undergraduate students, Chronobiol Int source
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- cites [81] Sato-Mito, 2011, The midpoint of sleep is associated with dietary intake and dietary behavior among young Japanese women, Sleep Med source
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- Premisecitation
Evening chronotype is cross-sectionally associated with higher consumption of stimulants such as caffeine, energy drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages, and alcohol in adolescents and in college or university students.
“Several other studies have reported cross-sectional associations between an evening chronotype and higher consumption of stimulants such as caffeine, energy drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages, and alcohol in adolescents (24) and in college or university students (49, 78, 79, 84).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [24] Wittmann, 2006, Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time, Chronobiol Int source
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- cites [49] Leonhard, 2009, In sync with the family: children and partners influence the sleep-wake circadian rhythm and social habits of women, Chronobiol Int source
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- cites [78] Tran, 2014, Daytime sleepiness, circadian preference, caffeine consumption and use of other stimulants among Thai college students, J Public Health Epidemiol source
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- Premisecitation
Individuals with a morning chronotype exhibit more regular eating behavior than individuals with an evening chronotype.
“Besides dietary intake, studies suggest that individuals with a morning chronotype exhibit more regular eating behavior than individuals with an evening chronotype (83, 85).”
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Cardiometabolic disease risk factors are often formed in childhood and adolescence.
“Considering that dietary habits persist from adolescence into adulthood (101), and that cardiometabolic disease risk factors are often formed in childhood and adolescence (102), understanding how chronotype influences diet quality and eating patterns in childhood and adolescence is essential in guiding the development of dietary strategies to prevent chronic disease development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [102] Matthews, 2016, Sleep characteristics and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents: an enumerative review, Sleep Med source
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- Premisecitation
Dietary habits persist from adolescence into adulthood.
“Considering that dietary habits persist from adolescence into adulthood (101), and that cardiometabolic disease risk factors are often formed in childhood and adolescence (102), understanding how chronotype influences diet quality and eating patterns in childhood and adolescence is essential in guiding the development of dietary strategies to prevent chronic disease development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [101] Leech, 2014, The clustering of diet, physical activity and sedentary behavior in children and adolescents: a review, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act source
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- Study design and conductcitation
In the Japanese milk-intervention study, circadian typology was assessed only via a subjective questionnaire with no objective biological measures such as DLMO.
“However, in the latter study, the circadian typology was only assessed via a subjective questionnaire with no objective biological measures such as DLMO.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [99] Kawada, 2016, Questionnaire and intervention study on effects of drinking cows' milk at breakfast on the circadian typology and mental health of Japanese infants aged 1 - 6 years, Nat Sci
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- Premisecitation
In the DONALD study, eveningness in energy intake was associated with greater total energy intake over the day.
“More recently, Diederichs et al. (100) defined the term “eveningness in energy intake” and found that it was associated with greater total energy intake over the day in the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study and may be potentially linked to the shift in chronotype between childhood and adolescence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [100] Diederichs, 2018, In adolescence a higher ‘eveningness in ene rgy intake' is associated with higher total daily energy intake, Appetite source
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- Premisecitation
Strokes follow a circadian rhythm with a major morning peak and a secondary early evening peak.
“Strokes, for instance, follow a circadian rhythm with a major morning peak and a secondary early evening peak.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [116] Manfredini, 2005, Circadian variation in stroke onset: identical temporal pattern in ischemic and hemorrhagic events, Chronobiol Int source
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- Premisecitation
An adverse impact of time transitions on sleep has been reported in adolescents with an evening chronotype.
“An adverse impact of time transitions on sleep has also been reported in adolescents with an evening chronotype (115).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [115] Schneider, 2009, Daytime sleepiness during transition into daylight saving time in adolescents: are owls higher at risk?, Sleep Med source
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- Premisecitation
Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events exhibit a bimodal pattern.
“It is known that cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events exhibit a bimodal pattern (116).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [116] Manfredini, 2005, Circadian variation in stroke onset: identical temporal pattern in ischemic and hemorrhagic events, Chronobiol Int source
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- Premisecitation
Irregularity of meal patterns has been identified as a novel risk factor for cardiometabolic disorders.
“This is particularly true considering that irregularity of meal patterns has been identified as a novel risk factor for cardiometabolic disorders (103).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [103] Pot, 2016, Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies, Proc Nutr Soc source
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- Premisecitation
Data from the German MONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction Registry indicated that specific high-risk subgroups, particularly men, experience a higher risk of acute myocardial infarction during transitions to and from daylight saving time.
“For instance, data from the German MONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction Registry indicated that specific high-risk subgroups of the population, particularly men, experience a higher risk of acute myocardial infarction during transitions to and from daylight saving time (114).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [114] Kirchberger, 2015, Are daylight saving time transitions associated with changes in myocardial infarction incidence? Results from the German MONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction Registry, BMC Public Health source
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- Premisecitation
In UK Biobank, adults with a morning chronotype consume a mean of 0.25 more servings of fruit and 0.13 more servings of vegetables per day than adults with an evening chronotype.
“Comparable with findings in adolescents and young adults, data from the UK Biobank project demonstrate that adults with a morning chronotype consume a mean of 0.25 more servings of fruit and 0.13 more servings of vegetables/d, as assessed through the use of 24-h recalls, than do adults with an evening chronotype (75).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [75] Patterson, 2016, Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank, Ann Behav Med source
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- Premisecitation
The circadian rhythmicity of glucose metabolism arises as a consequence of changes in glucose utilization, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion based on the time of day.
“This circadian rhythmicity of glucose metabolism arises as a consequence of changes in glucose utilization, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion based on the time of day (119).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [119] Van Cauter, 1997, Roles of circadian rhythmicity and sleep in human glucose regulation 1, Endocr Rev
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- Premisecitation
Severe circadian misalignment has long been recognized as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases.
“Severe circadian misalignment has long been recognized to be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (108).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [108] Baron, 2014, Circadian misalignment and health, Int Rev Psychiatry source
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- Premisecitation
In humans, glucose tolerance generally declines over the course of the day, reaching a nadir in the evening.
“In humans, glucose tolerance generally declines over the course of the day, reaching a nadir in the evening.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [119] Van Cauter, 1997, Roles of circadian rhythmicity and sleep in human glucose regulation 1, Endocr Rev
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- Premisecitation
Mild circadian misalignment, experienced as minor shifts between the sleep-awake cycle in non-shift workers, is detrimental to health.
“More recent research findings suggest that mild circadian misalignment, experienced as minor shifts between the sleep-awake cycle in non–shift workers, is also detrimental to health (50, 113).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [50] Roenneberg, 2012, Social jetlag and obesity, Curr Biol source
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- cites [113] Roenneberg, 2013, Light and the human circadian clock
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- Study design and conductcitation
The associations between evening type and cardiovascular risk factors in FINRISK 2007 occurred independently of sleep duration and sufficiency.
“These associations occurred independently of sleep duration and sufficiency (13).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Merikanto, 2013, Associations of chronotype and sleep with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, Chronobiol Int source
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- Premisecitation
Shift workers working during their circadian night are more likely to develop metabolic disturbances.
“Most of this evidence is derived from studies on different models of shift work, which found that shift workers working during their circadian night are more likely to develop metabolic disturbances (109).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [109] Canuto, 2013, Metabolic syndrome and shift work: a systematic review, Sleep Med Rev source
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- Premisecitation
In the evening, evening types reported higher intakes of energy, sucrose, fat, and saturated fatty acids than morning types.
“By contrast, in the evening, evening types reported higher intakes of energy, sucrose, fat, and saturated fatty acids than did morning types.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [72] Mirkka, 2017, Chronotype differences in timing of energy and macronutrient intakes: a population‐based study in adults, Obesity source
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- Premisecitation
A recent meta-analysis of 12 observational studies found that rotating shift work is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
“A recent meta-analysis of 12 observational studies found that among different types of shift work, rotating shift work is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (123).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [123] Gan, 2015, Shift work and diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies, Occup Environ Med source
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- Premisecitation
Evening chronotype has been related to lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations.
“Evening chronotype has also been related to lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations (118).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [118] Wong, 2015, Social jetlag, chronotype, and cardiometabolic risk, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
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- Premisecitation
In a recent Finnish study, evening types reported lower energy and macronutrient intakes in the morning compared with morning types.
“a recent study in Finland investigating the relation between chronotype and chrono-nutrition found that evening types reported lower energy and macronutrient intakes in the morning compared with morning types according to data collected through the use of 48-h food recalls (72).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [72] Mirkka, 2017, Chronotype differences in timing of energy and macronutrient intakes: a population‐based study in adults, Obesity source
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- Interpretationcitation
Taken together, the evidence implies that chronotype may modulate physiologic processes linked to cardiovascular health, including heart rate, blood pressure, and blood lipid concentrations.
“Taken together, this evidence implies that chronotype may modulate physiologic processes linked to cardiovascular health, including heart rate, blood pressure, and blood lipid concentrations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Inverse associations between later bedtime, wake time, or midpoint of sleep and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity or sedentary behavior have been noted.
“Inverse associations between later bedtime, wake time, or midpoint of sleep and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity or sedentary behavior have been noted in other studies (73, 105).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [73] Maukonen, 2016, The associations between chronotype, a healthy diet and obesity, Chronobiol Int source
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- cites [105] Shechter, 2014, Delayed sleep timing is associated with low levels of free-living physical activity in normal sleeping adults, Sleep Med source
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- Study design and conductreasoning
Studies were limited by unrepresentativeness of samples, mainly due to small sample size, selection bias, and other inherent biases of observational studies.
“Studies were also limited by the unrepresentativeness of the samples, mainly due to the small sample size, by selection bias, and by other inherent biases of observational studies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A limited number of observational studies demonstrate that evening chronotype is potentially related to changes in timing of food intake, irregular eating, and meal skipping, particularly breakfast skipping.
“A limited number of observational studies also demonstrate that evening chronotype is potentially related to changes in timing of food intake, irregular eating, and meal skipping, particularly breakfast skipping.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
Most evidence of the association between chronotype and diet, or chronotype and cardiometabolic health, is based on cross-sectional studies that do not permit identification of cause and effect or temporality of associations.
“A similar point emerges in epidemiologic evidence, wherein most of the evidence of the association between chronotype and diet, or chronotype and cardiometabolic health, is based on cross-sectional studies that do not permit identification of cause and effect or temporality of associations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
There is limited evidence in specific population subgroups such as infants, older adults, and those at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases or type 2 diabetes.
“This is not to mention the limited evidence in specific population subgroups such as infants, older adults, and those at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases or type 2 diabetes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In one study, circadian misalignment led some subjects to exhibit postprandial glucose responses akin to the range observed in prediabetes.
“In one particular study, circadian misalignment led some subjects to exhibit postprandial glucose responses akin to the range observed in prediabetes (111).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [111] Scheer, 2009, Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
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- Premisecitation
Variants of circadian clock genes associated with chronotype and sleep homeostasis have been linked to glucose metabolism.
“More recently, variants of circadian clock genes associated with chronotype and sleep homeostasis have been linked to glucose metabolism (132), potentially pointing towards the existence of an underlying network between circadian clocks, chronotype, and glucose homeostasis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [132] Kalsbeek, 2014, Circadian control of glucose metabolism, Mol Metab source
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- Premisecitation
Breakfast skipping was related to higher HbA1c values, even after adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, number of diabetes complications, insulin use, depressive symptoms, perceived sleep debt, and percentage of daily caloric intake at dinner.
“Breakfast skipping was related to higher HbA1c values, even after adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, number of diabetes complications, insulin use, depressive symptoms, perceived sleep debt, and percentage of daily caloric intake at dinner.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Reutrakul, 2014, The relationship between breakfast skipping, chronotype, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, Chronobiol Int source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Together, such findings imply that circadian misalignment may predispose individuals to the development of type 2 diabetes.
“Together, such findings imply that circadian misalignment may predispose individuals to the development of type 2 diabetes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
None of the studies cited assessed the context within which foods are consumed at different time points to identify associations between socioenvironmental factors and consumption of specific nutrients at a given eating occasion.
“A further limitation is that none of the studies cited herein assessed the context within which foods are consumed at different time points, to identify if there are associations between the socioenvironmental factors and consumption of specific nutrients at a given eating occasion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In FINRISK 2007, individuals with an evening chronotype had 2.5-fold greater odds of type 2 diabetes than individuals with a morning chronotype.
“Indeed, in the FINRISK 2007 study, individuals with an evening chronotype had 2.5-fold greater odds of type 2 diabetes than individuals with a morning chronotype (13).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Merikanto, 2013, Associations of chronotype and sleep with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, Chronobiol Int source
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- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 15
- May combine two claims. 55
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
FindingreasoningWhether chronotype modifies the association between diet and cardiometabolic health outcomes remains to be elucidated.
“Whether chronotype modifies the association between diet and cardiometabolic health outcomes remains to be elucidated.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenMost evidence on chronotype and dietary intake in adolescents and adults comes from cross-sectional surveys, with few longitudinal cohorts simultaneously collecting chronotype and dietary intake data.
“Moreover, most of the evidence in adolescents and adults was restricted to cross-sectional surveys with few longitudinal cohorts simultaneously collecting data on chronotype and dietary intake.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationVariations in chronotype between urban and rural areas within the same country have been observed in Japanese adolescents and in adults in Brazil, India, and elsewhere.
“In addition to country-specific differences, variations in chronotype between urban and rural areas within the same country have been observed in Japanese adolescents (53, 59, 60) and in adults in Brazil, India, and elsewhere (61–63).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked- cites [53] Takeuchi, 2001, Parental enforcement of bedtime during childhood modulates preference of Japanese junior high school students for eveningness chronotype, Chronobiol Int source
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- cites [59] Louzada, 2003, Predissociated dimers and molten globule monomers in the equilibrium unfolding of yeast glutathione reductase, Biophys J source
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- cites [60] Louzada, 2004, Exposure to light versus way of life: effects on sleep patterns of a teenager—case report, Chronobiol Int source
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- cites [61] von Schantz, 2015, Distribution and heritability of diurnal preference (chronotype) in a rural Brazilian family-based cohort, the Baependi study, Sci Rep source
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- cites [62] Nag, 2012, Impact of lifestyle on circadian orientation and sleep behaviour, Sleep Biol Rhythms source
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- cites [63] Evans, 2011, Habitual sleep/wake patterns in the Old Order Amish: heritability and association with non-genetic factors, Sleep source
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May combine two claims.
FindingcitationSome studies but not others found a greater prevalence of eveningness in men compared with women, who exhibit greater morningness.
“Some studies (48, 49) but not others (9, 24) found a greater prevalence of eveningness in men compared with women, who exhibit greater morningness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [48] Lehnkering, 2007, Influence of chronotype, season, and sex of subject on sleep behavior of young adults, Chronobiol Int source
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- cites [49] Leonhard, 2009, In sync with the family: children and partners influence the sleep-wake circadian rhythm and social habits of women, Chronobiol Int source
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- cites [9] Levandovski, 2013, Chronotype: a review of the advances, limits and applicability of the main instruments used in the literature to assess human phenotype, Trends Psychiatry Psychother source
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- cites [24] Wittmann, 2006, Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time, Chronobiol Int source
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May combine two claims.
FindingcitationMost evidence on the impact of chronodisruption on gestational development is currently based on animal models, and few studies have investigated how variations in chronotype among mothers influence long-term offspring health in humans.
“Most of the evidence on the impact of chronodisruption on gestational development is currently based on animal models, and few studies have investigated how variations in chronotype among mothers influence long-term offspring health in humans (87).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [87] Serón-Ferré, 2016, Circadian rhythms in the fetus and newborn: significance of interactions with maternal physiology and the environment
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe literature on the link between chronotype and diet is currently emerging and we are far from understanding the link.
“The literature on this topic is currently emerging and we are far from understanding the link between chronotype and diet.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIndividuals with an evening chronotype tend to consume fewer and larger meals and delay food intake due to later awakening time.
“In particular, research indicates that individuals presenting with an evening chronotype have a tendency towards consuming fewer and larger meals and delaying food intake due to later awakening time (19, 22).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [19] Meule, 2012, Skipping breakfast: morningness-eveningness preference is differentially related to state and trait food cravings, Eat Weight Disord
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- cites [22] Dashti, 2015, Short sleep duration and dietary intake: epidemiological evidence, mechanisms, and health implications, Adv Nutr source
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PremisecitationMounting evidence suggests an association between evening chronotype and increased risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes.
“Accordingly, mounting evidence suggests a potential association between an evening chronotype and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (12, 13) and metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes (11, 13).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [12] Kantermann, 2014, Changes in chronotype after stroke: a pilot study, Front Neurol
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- cites [13] Merikanto, 2013, Associations of chronotype and sleep with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, Chronobiol Int source
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- cites [11] Yu, 2015, Evening chronotype is associated with metabolic disorders and body composition in middle-aged adults, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe MEQ measures psychological preference for behavior but has been shown to correlate less with DLMO than measures of sleep timing obtained with the MCTQ in one study but not in another.
“The MEQ specifically measures the psychological preference for behavior but has been shown to correlate less with DLMO than measures of sleep timing obtained with the MCTQ in one study (34) but not in another (26).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [34] Kitamura, 2014, Validity of the Japanese version of the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, Chronobiol Int source
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- cites [26] Kantermann, 2015, Comparing the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and Munich ChronoType Questionnaire to the Dim Light Melatonin Onset, J Biol Rhythms source
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PremisecitationUse of urine samples to measure melatonin metabolites is widely reported in epidemiologic studies but is limited by poorer urine sample resolution, which affects accuracy of measurement.
“In contrast, the use of urine samples to measure melatonin metabolites is widely reported in epidemiologic studies (27) but is limited because of the poorer urine sample resolution which affects the accuracy of measurement (28).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFood can regulate various peripheral body clocks and metabolic rhythms and is often referred to as a zeitgeber.
“Food is often referred to as a zeitgeber (14) because of its ability to regulate various peripheral body clocks and metabolic rhythms (2, 15, 16).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [14] Stephan, 2002, The “other” circadian system: food as a Zeitgeber, J Biol Rhythms source
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- cites [2] Johnston, 2016, Circadian rhythms, metabolism, and chrononutrition in rodents and humans, Adv Nutr source
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- cites [15] Wehrens, 2017, Meal timing regulates the human circadian system, Curr Biol source
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- cites [16] Oike, 2017, Modulation of circadian clocks by nutrients and food factors, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem source
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenEnvironmental cues such as light, social interactions, and study/work schedules are each thought to entrain the circadian system.
“Environmental cues such as light, social interactions, and study/work schedules are each thought to entrain the circadian system (Figure 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationA shift towards morningness is seen at approximately 50 years of age, indicating that aging influences chronotype.
“By contrast, a shift towards morningness is seen at ∼50 y of age (52), indicating that aging influences chronotype (51).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [52] Carrier, 1997, Sleep and morningness-eveningness in the ‘middle' years of life (20-59 y), J Sleep Res source
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- cites [51] Jankowski, 2015, Composite Scale of Morningness: psychometric properties, validity with Munich ChronoType Questionnaire and age/sex differences in Poland, Eur Psychiatry source
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSocial conditions may influence timing and duration of exposure to artificial or dim light compared with outdoor daylight, which would then entrain the circadian clock system.
“For instance, it could be argued that social conditions may influence timing and duration of exposure to artificial or dim light compared with outdoor daylight, which would then entrain the circadian clock system.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe higher morning chronotype prevalence in British black ethnicity was argued to be due to the shorter τ reported previously in individuals with black ethnicity.
“This was argued to be due to the shorter τ reported previously in individuals with black ethnicity (45)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [45] Smith, 2009, Racial differences in the human endogenous circadian period, PLoS One source
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PremisecitationIn children, morning chronotype is more prevalent, with a shift towards eveningness during puberty.
“In children, the morning chronotype is more prevalent, with a shift towards eveningness being observed during puberty (51).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] Jankowski, 2015, Composite Scale of Morningness: psychometric properties, validity with Munich ChronoType Questionnaire and age/sex differences in Poland, Eur Psychiatry source
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PremisecitationLight is believed to be the strongest synchronizer of the master clock, and variations in the light-dark cycle across latitudes and time zones are thought to influence the circadian system, leading to differences in chronotype across the globe.
“Light is believed to be the strongest synchronizer of the master clock, and variations in the light-dark cycle across different latitudes and time zones are thought to influence the circadian system, leading to differences in chronotype across the globe (55).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [55] Miguel, 2014, Detecting chronotype differences associated to latitude: a comparison between Horne–Östberg and Munich Chronotype questionnaires, Ann Hum Biol source
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PremisecitationRare cases of familial extreme chronotype disorders, such as advanced sleep-phase syndrome, have been described.
“Concerning the influence of nonmodifiable determinants, rare cases of familial extreme chronotype disorders, such as advanced sleep-phase syndrome, have been described (36, 37).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [36] von Schantz, 2008, Phenotypic effects of genetic variability in human clock genes on circadian and sleep parameters, J Genet source
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- cites [37] Jones, 1999, Familial advanced sleep-phase syndrome: a short-period circadian rhythm variant in humans, Nat Med source
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InterpretationcitationHaving children may be a more important social factor influencing a woman's chronotype compared with their partner, and potentially an effect modifier in analyses of nutritional surveys or cohorts.
“This may imply that having children is a more important social factor influencing a woman's chronotype compared with their partner (49), and potentially an effect modifier that needs to be considered in the analysis of nutritional surveys or cohorts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [49] Leonhard, 2009, In sync with the family: children and partners influence the sleep-wake circadian rhythm and social habits of women, Chronobiol Int source
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PremisecitationThe authors of one study concluded that photoperiod might not be the major driver behind determining the distribution of chronotype within a population, but rather social conditions imposed by different cultures or lifestyles may more likely determine the prevalence of one chronotype over another within a specific population.
“This led the authors to conclude that the photoperiod might not be the major driver behind determining the distribution of chronotype within a population, but rather social conditions imposed by different cultures or lifestyles (rural or urban) may more likely determine the prevalence of one chronotype over another within a specific population (61).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [61] von Schantz, 2015, Distribution and heritability of diurnal preference (chronotype) in a rural Brazilian family-based cohort, the Baependi study, Sci Rep source
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PremisecitationSpecific mutations in circadian clock regulators affect human circadian behavior and the period of the underlying clock.
“Herein, specific mutations in circadian clock regulators that affect human circadian behavior and the period of the underlying clock have been identified (38, 39).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [38] Toh, 2001, An hPer2 phosphorylation site mutation in familial advanced sleep phase syndrome, Science source
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- cites [39] Xu, 2005, Functional consequences of a CKIdelta mutation causing familial advanced sleep phase syndrome, Nature source
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PremisecitationAn observational study in Japan found that consumption of a breakfast high in tryptophan is associated with greater morningness, as assessed through a morningness-eveningness questionnaire, in infants and elementary school children (0-8 years old) but not in adolescents (>8 years old).
“An observational study in Japan found that consumption of a breakfast high in tryptophan is associated with greater morningness, as assessed through the use of a morningness-eveningness questionnaire, in infants and elementary school children (0–8 y old) but not in adolescents (>8 y old) (98).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [98] Harada, 2007, Correlation between breakfast tryptophan content and morningness-eveningness in Japanese infants and students aged 0–15 yrs, J Physiol Anthropol source
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PremisecitationIn a study of 5000 adults aged 30-49 years from New Zealand, after controlling for ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status, work schedules predicted chronotype, with night workers being more likely to be definitely evening-type and the unemployed less likely to be moderately morning-type compared with other workers.
“After controlling for ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status, work schedules were found to predict chronotype, with night workers being more likely to be “definitely evening-type” and the unemployed less likely to be “moderately morning-type” compared with other workers (71).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [71] Paine, 2006, The epidemiology of morningness/eveningness: influence of age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors in adults (30-49 years), J Biol Rhythms source
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PremisecitationA recent review concluded that, as early as during fetal development, disruption of circadian rhythms in the mother may adversely affect fetal development and growth.
“A recent review concluded that, as early as during fetal development, disruption of circadian rhythms in the mother may adversely affect fetal development and growth (87).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [87] Serón-Ferré, 2016, Circadian rhythms in the fetus and newborn: significance of interactions with maternal physiology and the environment
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PremisecitationIn a large-scale cross-sectional study of 3304 female dietetics students from 53 institutions in Japan, a late midpoint of sleep was associated with a lower percentage of energy from protein and carbohydrates and a lower intake of rice, vegetables, pulses, eggs, and milk products.
“A late midpoint of sleep was associated with a lower percentage of energy from protein and carbohydrates and a lower intake of rice, vegetables, pulses, eggs, and milk products (81).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [81] Sato-Mito, 2011, The midpoint of sleep is associated with dietary intake and dietary behavior among young Japanese women, Sleep Med source
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PremisecitationOne feature of circadian misalignment is altered timing of nutrient supply to the fetus, which may potentially play a role that is yet to be fully elucidated.
“One feature of circadian misalignment is the altered timing of nutrient supply to the fetus, which may potentially play a role that is yet to be fully elucidated (87).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [87] Serón-Ferré, 2016, Circadian rhythms in the fetus and newborn: significance of interactions with maternal physiology and the environment
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PremisecitationIn a representative sample in Italy of 6631 adolescents aged 14-18 years, eveningness was associated with later bedtime and wake-up time, shorter time in bed during the week, longer time in bed at the weekend, irregular sleep-wake schedule, and more frequent napping during school days.
“For instance, in a representative sample in Italy of 6631 adolescents aged 14–18 y, eveningness was associated with later bedtime and wake-up time (especially on weekends), shorter time in bed during the week, longer time in bed at the weekend, irregular sleep-wake schedule, and more frequent napping during school days (70).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [70] Giannotti, 2002, Circadian preference, sleep and daytime behaviour in adolescence, J Sleep Res source
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PremisecitationWickersham found that more than 90% of 2-year-old children exhibit a morning chronotype, a proportion that declines to 58% by the time children reach 6 years of age.
“Wickersham (96), in particular, found that >90% of 2-y-old children exhibit a morning chronotype, a proportion that declines to 58% by the time children reach 6 y of age.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [96] Wickersham, 2006, Time-of-day preference for preschool-aged children, Chrestomathy
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PremisecitationThe development of the 24-h circadian rest-activity rhythm is observed in infants as young as 3 weeks old and is potentially influenced by a mother's rest-activity cycle and maternal melatonin rhythm.
“After birth, the development of the 24-h circadian rest-activity rhythm is observed in infants as young as 3 wk old and is potentially influenced by a mother's rest-activity cycle (88) and maternal melatonin rhythm (89).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdolescents with an evening chronotype experience greater shifts in timing of breakfast consumption between weekdays and weekends, with later awakening times during weekends corresponding to later breakfast consumption.
“Adolescents with an evening chronotype experience greater shifts in timing of breakfast consumption between weekdays and weekends, with later awakening times during weekends corresponding to later breakfast consumption (20).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] Randler, 2010, Morningness-eveningness, habitual sleep-wake variables and cortisol level, Biol Psychol source
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PremisecitationIn a study involving students and professionals, individuals with an evening chronotype consumed more alcohol, coffee, and cola, whereas morning types consumed more tea.
“In another study involving students and professionals, individuals with an evening chronotype were found to consume more alcohol, coffee, and cola, whereas morning types consumed more tea (86).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [86] Adan, 1994, Chronotype and personality factors in the daily consumption of alcohol and psychostimulants, Addiction source
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PremisecitationFactors such as noise, ambient light, and crowding within an urban environment may underlie some of the ethnic differences in sleep duration.
“Hale and Do (67) similarly reported that factors such as noise, ambient light, and crowding within an urban environment may underlie some of the ethnic differences in sleep duration.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [67] Hale, 2007, Racial differences in self-reports of sleep duration in a population-based study, Sleep source
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PremisecitationIn that Japanese study of female dietetics students, a late midpoint of sleep was associated with a higher percentage of energy from alcohol and fat and higher intake of noodles, confectionery, fats and oils, and meat.
“It was, however, associated with a higher percentage of energy from alcohol and fat and higher intake of noodles, confectionery, fats and oils, and meat.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [81] Sato-Mito, 2011, The midpoint of sleep is associated with dietary intake and dietary behavior among young Japanese women, Sleep Med source
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PremisecitationExtreme morning types show a smaller shift in sleep times between work and free days, although they do accumulate sleep debt during weekends in an attempt to keep up with social norms.
“By contrast, extreme morning types show a smaller shift in sleep times between work and free days, although they do accumulate sleep debt during weekends in an attempt to keep up with social norms (66).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [66] Roenneberg, 2003, Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes, J Biol Rhythms source
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PremisecitationSocial schedules may directly interfere with individual sleep preferences, subsequently affecting health.
“Social schedules may also directly interfere with individual sleep preferences, subsequently affecting health (24).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Wittmann, 2006, Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time, Chronobiol Int source
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InterpretationcitationIt may be that chronotype is a consequence of the entraining effect of food constituents or eating patterns on peripheral clocks.
“Furthermore, it may be that chronotype is a consequence of (caused by) the entraining effect of food constituents (16) or eating patterns on the peripheral clocks (15) (Figure 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationBreast milk is believed to play an important role in determining the circadian phase in infants, evident by circadian variation in nutrient composition of breast milk and cytokine concentrations.
“Breast milk is also believed to play an important role in determining the circadian phase in infants, which is evident by the circadian variation in nutrient composition of breast milk (90–93) and cytokine concentrations (93).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [90] Sánchez, 2013, Evolution of the circadian profile of human milk amino acids during breastfeeding, J Appl Biomed source
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- cites [91] Lubetzky, 2006, Circadian variations in fat content of expressed breast milk from mothers of preterm infants, J Am Coll Nutr source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [92] Schneider, 2018, Diet and nutrients in the modulation of infant sleep: a review of the literature, Nutr Neurosci source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [93] Morais, 2015, Temporal fluctuations of cytokine concentrations in human milk, Biol Rhythm Res source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe timing of exposure to strong outdoor daylight determines the phase of sleep, and every additional hour spent outdoors is associated with 30 minutes of advance sleep.
“Consistent with the latter, Roenneberg et al. (66) observed that the timing of exposure to strong outdoor daylight determines the phase of sleep and that every additional hour spent outdoors is associated with 30 min of advance sleep.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [66] Roenneberg, 2003, Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes, J Biol Rhythms source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLater bed- and rise times are associated with increased likelihood of caffeinated drink and fast-food consumption and lower likelihood of dairy product consumption in a small-scale cross-sectional survey of adolescents.
“Later bed- and rise times have been found to be associated with increased likelihood of caffeinated drink and fast-food consumption and a lower likelihood of dairy product consumption in a small-scale cross-sectional survey of adolescents (83).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [83] Fleig, 2009, Association between chronotype and diet in adolescents based on food logs, Eat Behav source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn that Finnish study, differences were more pronounced on weekends and evening types reported eating more frequently and irregularly than morning types.
“These differences were more pronounced in the weekends and evening types reported eating more frequently and irregularly than morning types (72).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [72] Mirkka, 2017, Chronotype differences in timing of energy and macronutrient intakes: a population‐based study in adults, Obesity source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a study of 72 physicians, greater morningness was associated with lower consumption of sweets and vegetables as assessed via a 3-d food record and greater leisure-time physical activity.
“A further study involving 72 physicians reported that greater morningness was associated with lower consumption of sweets and vegetables as assessed via a 3-d food record and greater leisure-time physical activity (74).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [74] Mota, 2016, Association between chronotype, food intake and physical activity in medical residents, Chronobiol Int source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOlder adults with an evening chronotype consume more caffeinated beverages at night, eat heavier meals before bedtime, have irregular sleep-wake schedules, and nap more frequently.
“Consistent with the findings in adolescents, young adults, and adults, older adults with an evening chronotype have been found to consume more caffeinated beverages at night, eat heavier meals before bedtime, have irregular sleep-wake schedules, and nap more frequently (77).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [77] Suh, 2016, Chronotype differences in health behaviors and health-related quality of life: a population-based study among aged and older adults, Behav Sleep Med
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn that Finnish sample, lower morning-to-evening scores were associated with higher alcohol (as percentage of total energy) and sucrose intakes and lower intakes of carbohydrates, protein, fiber, folic acid, and sodium.
“Intakes of alcohol (as a percentage of total energy intake) and sucrose were also higher, whereas intakes of carbohydrates, protein, fiber, folic acid, and sodium were lower with lower morning-to-evening scores (80).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [80] Kanerva, 2012, Tendency toward eveningness is associated with unhealthy dietary habits, Chronobiol Int source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn FINRISK 2007, evening types had lower adherence to the Baltic Sea dietary pattern and were more likely to be smokers, physically inactive, and have lower perceived health than other chronotypes.
“Evening types were found to have a lower adherence to the Baltic Sea dietary pattern and were more likely to be smokers, physically inactive, and have lower perceived health than other chronotypes (73).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [73] Maukonen, 2016, The associations between chronotype, a healthy diet and obesity, Chronobiol Int source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn FINRISK 2007 (n = 6258), individuals with an evening type had 1.3-fold greater odds of arterial hypertension, a faster resting heart rate, and lower systolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol than morning types.
“In a larger cross-sectional analysis of the national FINRISK 2007 study, which included a representative sample of the Finnish population aged 25–74 y (n = 6258), individuals with an evening type had 1.3-fold greater odds of arterial hypertension, a faster resting heart rate, and a lower systolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol than morning types (13).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Merikanto, 2013, Associations of chronotype and sleep with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, Chronobiol Int source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a small-scale study (n = 56), no association between chronotype and stroke incidence was observed, although alterations in chronotype were reported after stroke.
“In relation to cerebrovascular events, only 1 small-scale study (n = 56) has been conducted so far on stroke, wherein no association between chronotype and stroke incidence was observed, although alterations in chronotype were reported after stroke (12).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Kantermann, 2014, Changes in chronotype after stroke: a pilot study, Front Neurol
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDifferent forms of shift work induce multiple forms of circadian misalignment, which are believed to underlie raised postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in shift workers, increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes.
“Different forms of shift work are reported to induce multiple forms of circadian misalignment, which are believed to underlie the observed raised postprandial glucose (120) and insulin concentrations in shift workers (121), as well as the increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance (122) and type 2 diabetes observed in epidemiologic studies (81).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [120] Hampton, 1996, Postprandial hormone and metabolic responses in simulated shift work, J Endocrinol source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [121] Lund, 2001, Postprandial hormone and metabolic responses amongst shift workers in Antarctica, J Endocrinol source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [122] Suwazono, 2009, Shiftwork and impaired glucose metabolism: a 14-year cohort study on 7104 male workers, Chronobiol Int source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a random sample of the Finnish population, greater eveningness (lower morning-to-evening score) was associated with lower intake of whole grains, rye, potatoes, and vegetables and roots, whereas intake of wine and chocolate was higher.
“Greater eveningness, as demonstrated by lower morning-to-evening score, was associated with a lower intake of whole grains, rye, potatoes, and vegetables and roots, whereas intake of wine and chocolate was higher.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [80] Kanerva, 2012, Tendency toward eveningness is associated with unhealthy dietary habits, Chronobiol Int source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a small-scale German study (n = 55), individuals with an evening chronotype had lower heart rate variability but higher systolic blood pressure than morning types.
“These findings are partially consistent with findings from another small-scale German study (n = 55), wherein individuals with an evening chronotype had lower heart rate variability but higher systolic blood pressure than did morning types (117).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [117] Roeser, 2012, Of larks and hearts—morningness/eveningness, heart rate variability and cardiovascular stress response at different times of day, Physiol Behav source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a randomized crossover study of 67 adolescents, during healthy sleep (10 h in bed induced by earlier sleep), adolescents with a morning chronotype reduced their evening energy intake, whereas no changes in evening energy intake were seen in adolescents with an evening chronotype.
“During the intervention involving healthy sleep, adolescents with a morning chronotype were found to reduce their evening energy intake, whereas no changes in evening energy intake were seen in adolescents with an evening chronotype.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [104] Beebe, 2015, The impact of early bedtimes on adolescent caloric intake varies by chronotype, J Adolesc Health source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn experimental studies, a combination of circadian misalignment and sleep restriction reduces insulin sensitivity, increases inflammation, and impairs glucose tolerance.
“In experimental studies, a combination of circadian misalignment and sleep restriction has been shown to reduce insulin sensitivity (124), increase inflammation (112), and impair glucose tolerance (125).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [124] Morris, 2015, Endogenous circadian system and circadian misalignment impact glucose tolerance via separate mechanisms in humans, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [112] Leproult, 2014, Circadian misalignment augments markers of insulin resistance and inflammation, independently of sleep loss, Diabetes source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [125] Nedeltcheva, 2014, Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes, Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationElderly individuals with an evening chronotype were more likely to be current smokers, have more sleep disturbances, engage in more sleep-interfering behaviors, and have lower physical activity.
“In particular, elderly individuals with an evening chronotype were more likely to be current smokers, have more sleep disturbances, engage in more sleep-interfering behaviors (i.e., evening caffeine or alcohol consumption, heavy meals before bedtime), and to have lower physical activity (77), emphasizing once more the need to understand the clustering of different lifestyle behaviors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [77] Suh, 2016, Chronotype differences in health behaviors and health-related quality of life: a population-based study among aged and older adults, Behav Sleep Med
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a Japanese study, adults with an evening chronotype are more likely to skip meals more frequently and to have a higher probability of watching television at breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
“Consistent with the Finnish study, one study in Japan found that adults with an evening chronotype are more likely to skip meals more frequently and to have a higher probability of watching television at breakfast, lunch, and dinner (81).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [81] Sato-Mito, 2011, The midpoint of sleep is associated with dietary intake and dietary behavior among young Japanese women, Sleep Med source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe use of subjective questionnaires is a common practice in epidemiologic studies.
“It was evident that the use of subjective questionnaires is a common practice in epidemiologic studies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, evening chronotype was related to diabetes in men and to metabolic syndrome in women.
“Interestingly, in the latter study, sex differences in the association were evident, wherein evening chronotype was related to diabetes in men and to metabolic syndrome in women (11).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Yu, 2015, Evening chronotype is associated with metabolic disorders and body composition in middle-aged adults, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningOverall, cross-sectional studies suggest that evening chronotype is associated with lower intake of fruits and vegetables and higher intake of energy drinks, alcoholic, sugary, and caffeinated beverages, as well as higher energy intake from fat.
“Overall, cross-sectional studies suggest that evening chronotype is associated with lower intake of fruits and vegetables and higher intake of energy drinks, alcoholic, sugary, and caffeinated beverages, as well as higher energy intake from fat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a study of 194 non-shift-working type 2 diabetes patients, 22 (11.3%) reported skipping breakfast; those individuals had significantly higher HbA1c concentrations, higher BMI, and later midpoint of sleep than breakfast eaters.
“Overall, 22 (11.3%) type 2 diabetes patients reported skipping breakfast. Those individuals were found to have significantly higher HbA1c concentrations, higher BMI, and later midpoint of sleep than breakfast eaters.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Reutrakul, 2014, The relationship between breakfast skipping, chronotype, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, Chronobiol Int source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationExperimental sleep loss, such as induced by circadian misalignment and social jet lag, reduces insulin sensitivity and induces inflammation.
“For instance, experimental sleep loss, such as induced by circadian misalignment and social jet lag, reduces insulin sensitivity and induces inflammation (127), which may, in turn, modulate insulin sensitivity (128) and is a risk factor for cardiometabolic disturbance (129).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [127] Rangaraj, 2016, Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities, Sleep Med source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn an earlier study, later chronotype and having a large dinner were associated with poorer glycemic control independently of sleep disturbances.
“In an earlier study, later chronotype and having a large dinner were associated with poorer glycemic control independently of sleep disturbances (133).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [133] Reutrakul, 2013, Chronotype is independently associated with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a study of 210 non-shift-working patients with type 2 diabetes, later bedtime on weekends was related to both shorter sleep duration and poorer glycemic control.
“Later bedtime on weekends was related to both shorter sleep duration and poorer glycemic control (126).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [126] Reutrakul, 2015, Relationships among sleep timing, sleep duration and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes in Thailand, Chronobiol Int source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Study design and conductnone givenNo study has examined whether chronotype could affect the association between diet and cardiometabolic health across various stages of the life course.
“This is particularly true considering that no study has examined whether chronotype could affect the association between diet and cardiometabolic health across various stages of the life course.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe MCTQ is known to provide data on social jet lag and has been reported to correlate better than the MEQ with biological measures such as DLMO in one study but not in another.
“To this end, the MCTQ is known to provide data on social jet lag and has been reported to correlate better than the MEQ with biological measures such as DLMO in one study (34) but not in another (26).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [34] Kitamura, 2014, Validity of the Japanese version of the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, Chronobiol Int source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [26] Kantermann, 2015, Comparing the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and Munich ChronoType Questionnaire to the Dim Light Melatonin Onset, J Biol Rhythms source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningMost studies used either FFQs or 24-h food recalls, which either do not capture the timing of consumption or do not permit assessment of variability in intake between different days.
“Dietary assessment methods varied, with most studies using either FFQs or 24-h food recalls, which either do not capture the timing of consumption or do not permit assessment of the variability in intake between different days.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationTiming of macronutrient intake has been shown to affect the circadian clock in rodent models, with little data from human studies.
“The latter are key issues considering that timing of macronutrient intake has been shown to affect the circadian clock in rodent models, with little data from human studies (16, 134).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
The paper relies on this without support.
Chronotype is a determinant of the bimodality of sleep-awake and fasting-feeding cycles.
“Because chronotype is a determinant of the bimodality of sleep-awake and fasting-feeding cycles, researchers hypothesized that chronotype may correlate with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease risk (12, 13).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Chronic sleep loss or shift work results in misalignment between the sleep-awake, fasting-feeding cycles, and the light-dark cycle.
“Almoosawi and her colleagues suggest these situations result in misalignment between the sleep–awake, fasting–feeding cycles, and the light–dark cycle 97.”
From The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more! (2019) · cites this paper as [97]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Chronotype claim cites a yeast-enzyme study
MinorThe text cites reference 59 for urban-rural differences in chronotype among Japanese adolescents, but reference 59 is titled as a study of yeast glutathione reductase.
“variations in chronotype between urban and rural areas within the same country have been observed in Japanese adolescents (53, 59, 60)”
“59. Louzada PR, Sebollela A, Scaramello ME, Ferreira ST Predissociated dimers and molten globule monomers in the equilibrium unfolding of yeast glutathione reductase.”
Opposite direction reported for sweets and vegetable intake
MinorTable 2 associates greater eveningness with lower sweet and vegetable intake, whereas the text associates greater morningness with lower consumption of both.
“↑ Eveningness ↓ sweet and vegetable intakes”
“greater morningness was associated with lower consumption of sweets and vegetables”
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Self-citationHuman blood metabolite timetable indicates internal body time
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Influence of chronotype, season, and sex of subject on sleep behavior of young adults
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“Some studies (48, 49) but not others (9, 24) found a greater prevalence of eveningness in men compared with women, who exhibit greater morningness.”
BackgroundMelatonin as a biomarker of circadian dysregulation
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Association between chronotype and diet in adolescents based on food logs
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Blood transcriptome based biomarkers for human circadian phase
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“To this end, the MCTQ is known to provide data on social jet lag and has been reported to correlate better than the MEQ with biological measures such as DLMO in one study (34) but not in another (26).”
MethodPostprandial hormone and metabolic responses in simulated shift work
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Morningness-eveningness, habitual sleep-wake variables and cortisol level
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“…might not be the major driver behind determining the distribution of chronotype within a population, but rather social conditions imposed by different cultures or lifestyles (rural or urban) may more likely determine the prevalence of one chronotype over another within a specific population (61).”
The development of infants' circadian rest–activity rhythm and mothers' rhythm
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“In addition to country-specific differences, variations in chronotype between urban and rural areas within the same country have been observed in Japanese adolescents (53, 59, 60) and in adults in Brazil, India, and elsewhere (61– 63).”
BackgroundDelayed weekend sleep pattern in German infants and children aged 0–6 years
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The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more!
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Chrono-Nutrition: Circadian Rhythm and Personalized Nutrition
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Morning chronotype and digestive tract cancers: Mendelian randomization study
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Association between Irregular Meal Timing and the Mental Health of Japanese Workers
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Personality, Chrono-nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health: A Narrative Review of the Evidence
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A Time to Rest, a Time to Dine: Sleep, Time-Restricted Eating, and Cardiometabolic Health
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Association of the Chronotype Score with Circulating Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) Concentrations
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Morning diurnal preference and food intake: a Mendelian randomization study
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TREATMENT OF ODONTOGENIC PHLEGMONS IN PATIENTS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE BIORITHM OF LIFE
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Chronotype and Cancer: Emerging Relation Between Chrononutrition and Oncology from Human Studies
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Light and Life at Night as Circadian Rhythm Disruptors
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Perspectives: on Precision Nutrition Research in Heart, Lung, and Blood Diseases and Sleep Disorders
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Circadian rhythm disruptions: A possible link of bipolar disorder and endocrine comorbidities
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Chronotypical influence on eating behaviour and appetite control
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Do Rotating Night Shifts Change Nurses’ Nutritional Status? A Cross-Sectional Study
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Craniopharyngioma, Chronotypes and Metabolic Risk Profile
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Chronotypes and their Association with Obesity-Related Lifestyle Behaviors among Young Female Adults
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Eat Well, Sleep Well: Exploring the Association Between Eating Behavior and Sleep Quality
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- Authors
- Almoosawi, S., Vingeliene, S., Gachon, F., Voortman, T., Palla, L., Johnston, J. D., Van Dam, R. M., Darimont, C., & Karagounis, L. G.
- Affiliations
- Northumbria University (GB)
- Örebro University (SE)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Nestlé (Switzerland) (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Karagounis, Leonidas G
- ORCID
- Venue
- Advances in Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30-42
- ISSN
- 2156-5376 (ISSN-L)
- 2161-8313
- PMC
- PMC6370261
- OpenAlex
- W2898419548
- Cited by
- 247
- References
- 139
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 2.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Advances in Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (1267831, BB/I008470/1, 1309667)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- chronotype, chrononutrition, circadian rhythm, dietary habits, meal timing, meal frequency, meal regularity, dietary intake, cardiometabolic health, infants and children, older adults, adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Child, Preschool, Circadian Rhythm, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Middle Aged, Epidemiologic Studies, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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