The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Parenting stress, child behavior problems, and dysphoria in parents of children with autism, down syndrome, behavior disorders, and normal development
Abstract
We assessed differences in parental reports of parenting stress, child behavior problems, and dysphoria in 150 families who had children with autism (n = 30), behavior disorders (n = 30), Down syndrome (n = 30), or normal development (n = 60). We measured stress with the Parenting Stress Index, child behavior problems with the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory, and dysphoria with the Beck Depression Inventory. We controlled data for sociodemographic differences across groups, and results indicated the following: (1) Parents of children with autism and behavior disorders experienced statistically and clinically higher levels of parenting stress than parents in the other two groups. (2) Parents of children with behavior disorders reported that their children presented behavioral difficulties that were statistically and clinically more intense and numerous than those of all other children. (3) Mothers of children with autism and behavior disorders experienced statistically and clinically higher levels of dysphoria than mothers in the other two groups, which appeared to be specifically related to the stresses of parenting exceptional children rather than to personal dysfunction. In contrast, mothers of children with Down syndrome did not differ from mothers of nondisabled children on any of the measures. Finally, no major effect of the children's age or gender was found across the four groups, except for the fact that mothers of younger (less than 7 yrs, 5 mos.) autistic children reported greater dysphoria than mothers in the other three groups.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The chronic stress experienced by parents of children with ASD is reported to be greater than those experienced by parents of children with other disabilities, such as Down Syndrome, behavioral disorders, and Fragile X Syndrome [7,10,11]”
Citations
Cites
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696
American Journal of Mental Retardation
Staff (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced0106 · Cited by 2,972
Live Events, Stress, and Illness
Rabkin, J. G., & Struening, E. L. (1976) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.790570 · Cited by 1,321
Abidin, R. R. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 926
Marital discord and childhood behavior problems
Porter, B., & O’Leary, K. D. (1980) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00916376 · Cited by 688
Assessment of child behavior problems: The validation of a new inventory
Eyberg, S. M., & Ross, A. W. (1978) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374417809532835 · Cited by 646
The standardization of an inventory of child conduct problem behaviors
Robinson, E. A., Eyberg, S. M., & Ross, A. W. (1980) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374418009532938 · Cited by 554
Mash, E. J., & Johnston, C. (1983) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.51.1.86 · Cited by 515
THE INSULAR MOTHER: HER PROBLEMS IN PARENT‐CHILD TREATMENT
Wahler, R. G. (1980) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1980.13-207 · Cited by 462
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Beckman P.J., 1983, American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88, 150
- Bristol M.M., 1984, Severely handicapped children and their families, 91
- Cadman D., 1987, Journal of Preventive Psychiatry, 3, 147
- Crnic K.A., 1983, American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88, 125
- Featherstone H., 1980, A difference in the family: Living with a disabled child
- Friedrich W.N., 1981, American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 85, 551
- Goldberg S., 1986, American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90, 610
- Holroyd J., 1976, American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 80, 431
- Kazdin A.E., 1987, Behavior disorder in childhood and adolescence
- McConachie H., 1982, Fathers: Psychological perspectives, 144
- Stein R., 1982, Public Health Reports, 97, 354
- Waisbren S.E., 1980, American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 84, 345
- Wing L., 1985, Autistic children
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–390 of 390
Sedgewick, F. (2018) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 2
Investigation of the Effectiveness of a Relation Based Early Intervention Program on Parent Outputs
Yazıcı, D. N., & Akman, B. (2024) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2024.2391360 · Cited by 1
Alkahtani, R., Bakry, H., Hawi, L. M. A., Alshehri, J. D., & Elbeltagy, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1611074 · Cited by 1
Fessenden, V. M. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/4478237 · Cited by 1
Experiences and Perceptions of Fatherhood Among Fathers With Sons Who Have Autism Spectrum Disorders
Isenhour, J. A. (2014) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · doi:10.71889/5fylantbak.29859476 · Cited by 1
“Tornar-se Poliana”: o desamparo materno diante de seu bebê com síndrome de Down
de Oliveira-Menegotto, L. M., & Lopes, R. D. C. S. (2010) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 1
Phillips, B. A. (2014) · W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library Manuscript Collections · Cited by 1
Zaky, E. A. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Behaviour · doi:10.4172/2375-4494.1000e108 · Cited by 1
Kline, N. M. (2014) · Cited by 1
Depression in parents of children with disability
Dimoski, S., & Grbović, A. (2020) · Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija · doi:10.5937/specedreh19-26208 · Cited by 1
Stress experience and life for parents of autistic individuals: four case studies in focus
Papaneophytou, N. L. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85031-5.00005-0 · Cited by 1
Varghese, A. L., Thomas, C., Mohan, M., & Karuppali, S. (2021) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017902117010177 · Cited by 1
Social Dilemmas Faced by Parents of Children Diagnosed with Autism in China
Wang, L. (2022) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/978-2-494069-31-2_163 · Cited by 1
Petrović, J., Zorić, J., & Petrović-Lazić, M. (2023) · Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija · doi:10.5937/specedreh22-38815 · Cited by 1
RELACIÓN ENTRE ESTRÉS PARENTAL Y HABILIDADES LINGÜÍSTICAS EN NIÑOS CON TEA
Fraile, I. P., Andrés, M. I. F., Cerezuela, G. P., Sanz‐Cervera, P., & Llongo, E. H. (2016) · International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología · doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v1.353 · Cited by 1
Sharma, N., Mahto, J., & Parasar, A. (2017) · International Journal of Indian Psychology · doi:10.25215/0403.101 · Cited by 1
Singer, G. H. S. (2005) · Advances in educational administration · doi:10.1016/s1479-3660(04)07009-x · Cited by 1
Mesibov, G. B., Shea, V., Schopler, E., Adams, L. W., Merkler, E., Burgess, S., Mosconi, M., Chapman, S. M., Tanner, C., & Bourgondien, M. E. V. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-306-48647-0_8 · Cited by 1
Perceived Self-Efficacy and Well-Being in Fathers of Children with Autism
Burnham, B. R. (2011) · California State University ScholarWorks (system-wide DSpace) · Cited by 1
AUTISM AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE FAMILY
Hutton, A. M. (2002) · DigitalCommons (California Polytechnic State University) · Cited by 1
Jeong, S. (2013) · Arizona State University Library Digital Repository (Arizona State University) · Cited by 1
Kratchman, A. R. (2010) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3pk0g73 · Cited by 1
Understanding the Stressors of Low Socioeconomic Rural Parents of Autistic Children
Dunham, W. M. (2015) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 1
Knap, K. (2015) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 1
Hansangu, M. (2015) · Cited by 1
The coping strategies of families who have more than one child with autism : a qualitative study
Waterson, I. (2012) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) · Cited by 1
Comparative effects of mindfulness and skills-based parent training programs
Iadarola, S. (2011) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3b8576f · Cited by 1
Predictors of Better Health Outcomes of Mothers of Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Hutchinson, P. S. (2010) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada)
Living liminality: Maternal subjectivity in the context of raising children with autism
Bateman, J. K. (2011) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)
Lived experience: Diverse perspectives on raising a child with autism
Brace, H. (2009) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Comparing the Effects of Home Versus Clinic-Based Parent Training for Children with Autism
Crone, R. M. (2010) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc28408
Reynsla foreldra og útkoma íhlutunar : fjölskyldumiðuð þjónusta á Æfingastöðinni
Stefánsdóttir, S. (2010)
Wilkinson, B. J. (2005) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
McFadden, T. A. (2014) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan)
Seguí, J. D., Ortiz‐Tallo, M., de Diego‐Otero, Y., & de Haya, C. T. (2008)
Desarrollo, P. D., Fraile, I. P., Andrés, F., Cerezuela, G. P., Sanz‐Cervera, P., & Llongo, E. H. (2014)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) : a study of its clinical profile and parenting stress in Hong Kong
Wing-yee, R. L. (2014) · The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) · doi:10.5353/th_b5435548
Ray, M. (2013) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria)
Bene, K. (2015) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)
Matthews, R. E. (2010) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/dv5h-mt58
ETIOLOGY OF AUTISM AND PARENTS OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Mano, E. (2016) · IJASOS- International E-journal of Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.18769/ijasos.69079
Hughes, T. (2015) · Lu Zone Ul (Laurentian University)
Factors Influencing Father Involvement With Children Diagnosed With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hay, K. E. (2016) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
The Effects of a Parent Training Program that is Responsive to Current Repertoire and Affect
Ogorman, M. M. (2016) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc849784
Taslaq, N., & Russo, S. E. (2017) · Research on humanities and social sciences
Everything is Alright: Parental Positive Impression Management in Assessment of Anxious Youth
Kirkpatrick, M. (2014) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.3968
Stress and positive experiences of mothers and fathers of children with autism.
Kayfitz, A. D. (2006) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)
Stover, K. (2017) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Janai, A. (2018) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
FURUKAWA, M., & Miyadera, C. (2015) · The Japanese Journal of Special Education · doi:10.6033/tokkyou.53.251
박혜정, & 김영숙 (2017) · The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology · doi:10.18205/kpa.2017.22.1.004
Perception about Autism: An International Study
Aneja, E., Fost, M., & Aneja, A. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatry and Cognitive Behaviour · doi:10.29011/2574-7762.000013
Hughes, T. (2017) · Lu Zone Ul (Laurentian University)
Durante, G. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/z6kp-b365
اللا, م. ا. ع. ا. ع. (2019) · مجلة الإرشاد النفسی · doi:10.21608/cpc.2019.42907
Discovering Autism Child Potential using Autism Parenting Application
Baharum, A., Pitchay, S. A., Ismail, R., Rahim, E. A., Halmy, S., & Anathan, P. (2019) · UMS Institutional Repository (Universiti Malaysia Sabah)
Masefield, S. C. (2019) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Govindasamy, P., Amin, A. S., & Subhi, N. (2022) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i1/12097
Cowan, H.-A. (2013) · CLOK (University of Central Lancashire)
Kumari, B., & Diksha (2021) · Journal of Psychosocial Well-being · doi:10.55242/jpsw.2021.2205
Beyond Perception: Developing Parental Perception of Severity of Disability Scale
Günden, U. O., & Aksoy, V. (2022) · Pamukkale University Journal of Education · doi:10.9779/pauefd.1034819
Bourgondien, M. E. V., Dawkins, T., Feldman, M. S., & Marcus, L. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46463-8_2
Lagang-Buenaventura, M. K. C., & Ang-Nolasco, V. D. C. (2024) · Acta Medica Philippina · doi:10.47895/amp.v58i7.6331 · Cited by 1
ESTUDO DA CRIANÇA COM TRANSTORNO DE ESPECTRO AUTISTA: NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL
de Castro, F. M. L., & Paz, M. J. A. (2024) · Revista fisio&terapia. · doi:10.69849/revistaft/cs10202408062126
Applied behavior analytic assessment and treatment of autism spectrum disorder
Zangrillo, A. N., Loder‐Lafferty, B. H., Sullivan, E. K., Zemantic, P. K., Barall, R. J., & Fisher, W. W. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22365-5.00002-0
Le lien à l'animal permet-il une récupération sociale et cognitive chez l'enfant avec autisme?
Grandgeorge, M. (2010) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 1
Evaluating Parenting Experience and Impact of Having Children with Disabilities during COVID-19
Bucceri, B., Ding, Y., Chen, E. C., George-Puskar, A., Wu, Y., & Zhang, A. (2026) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2026.2666498
Roy, M., & Naik, A. R. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107311
Guerrera, S., Fucà, E., Parisi, M., & Vicari, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1947791
So, W., Song, X., Lau, K., Lam, H., & Chan, S. (2026) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.70291
Character Strengths in Parents of Children With Autism, Down Syndrome and Typical Development
Azimpour, A., Abbolzadeh, N., & Mohammadi, N. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07581-0
Evaluating the 'Parental Understanding of Neurodisability Questionnaire' as a measure of change
Topper, L. (2014) · Royal Holloway Digital Repository (Royal Holloway University of London)
Baleja-Stawicka, I., & Rabe‐Jabłońska, J. (2007) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna
Kellett, J. M. (2013) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)
Metadata
- Authors
- Dumas, J. E., Wolf, L. C., Fisman, S. N., & Culligan, A.
- Affiliations
- Western University (CA)
- Venue
- Exceptionality
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1991-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 97-110
- ISSN
- 0936-2835 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7035
- OpenAlex
- W2059778979
- Cited by
- 390
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 0.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Exceptionality (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- parental stress, child behavior problems, autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, behavior disorders, mothers, Parenting Stress Index, Beck Depression Inventory, Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory, exceptional children, child age
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review