‘Native to native … we'll recapture our spirits’: The world indigenous nations games and north American indigenous games as cultural resistance
Abstract
For centuries, colonizing governments have utilized cultural policies to eliminate Aboriginal culture, to make ‘citizens’ out of Native peoples in part by forcing them to relinquish language, cultural practices and traditions and have encouraged them to embrace mainstream values and cultural practices. In the Canadian context, sport has been utilized by the Canadian government as a civilizing agent to assimilate Aboriginal peoples. This paper analyses the history of this process in Canada and explains how Aboriginal leaders inverted this process to achieve self-determination through sport, in particular through the North American Indigenous Games and the World Indigenous Games. In this sense, we argue, sport has been historically contested terrain, wielded to disempower and to empower Aboriginal peoples.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Examples of contemporary Indigenous sport movements include the North American Indigenous Games, which bring together Indigenous athletes from across North America to compete in traditional and modern sports.
“Examples of contemporary Indigenous sport movements include the North American Indigenous Games, which bring together Indigenous athletes from across North America to compete in traditional and modern sports (Forsyth & Wamsley, 2006).”
From Indigenizing Sport Research: Analyzing Protective Factors of Exercising Sovereignty in North America (2023) · cites this paper as Forsyth & Wamsley, 2006
As Forsyth and Wamsley (2006) highlighted, the promotion of sports in residential schools was aimed at instilling Euro-Canadian values and practices in Indigenous youth, while simultaneously using physical activity as a tool for discipline and punishment.
“As Forsyth and Wamsley (2006) highlighted, the promotion of sports in residential schools was aimed at instilling Euro-Canadian values and practices in Indigenous youth, while simultaneously using physical activity as a tool for discipline and punishment.”
From Indigenizing Sport Research: Analyzing Protective Factors of Exercising Sovereignty in North America (2023) · cites this paper as Forsyth & Wamsley, 2006
Cites
A National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School System
Milloy, J. S. (1999) · doi:10.1515/9780887553035 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dubnewick, M., Hopper, T., Spence, J. C., & McHugh, T.-L. F. (2018) · Journal of Sport and Social Issues · doi:10.1177/0193723518758456 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Indigenizing Sport Research: Analyzing Protective Factors of Exercising Sovereignty in North America
Ali-Joseph, A., Leonard, K., & Welch, N. (2023) · Sociology of Sport Journal · doi:10.1123/ssj.2023-0006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Examples of contemporary Indigenous sport movements include the North American Indigenous Games, which bring together Indigenous athletes from across North America to compete in traditional and modern sports (Forsyth & Wamsley, 2006).”
Background
- Authors
- Forsyth, J., & Wamsley, K. B.
- Corresponding author
- Forsyth, Janice
- ORCID
- Forsyth, Janice
- Venue
- The International Journal of the History of Sport
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-03
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 294-314
- ISSN
- 0952-3367 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-9035
- OpenAlex
- W1987407077
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The International Journal of the History of Sport (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Physical Education and Sports Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Keywords
- indigenous peoples, cultural resistance, assimilation policy, Aboriginal self-determination, sport and colonialism, cultural policy, indigenous language and culture, Canada
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
