Indigenizing Sport Research: Analyzing Protective Factors of Exercising Sovereignty in North America

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The application of athletic activism can be broadened to inform and shape sociological inquiries into relationships between sports, culture, society, and identity.

“While athletic activism has traditionally centered on the pursuit of social change within sports, we propose that its application can be broadened to inform and shape sociological inquiries that delve into the intricate relationships between sports, culture, society, and identity (Calow, 2022).”

• cites Calow, 2022 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Integrating the exercising sovereignty framework as an analytical tool within sport sociology enables exploration of individual agency, collective action, sociocultural impacts, power dynamics, and systemic structures intersecting with sport.

“By integrating the framework of exercising sovereignty, initially developed to understand Indigenous athlete responses during the pandemic (Leonard et al., 2020), we advocate for its adaptation as an analytical tool within sport sociology.This extension enables us to explore not only the individual agency and collective action of athletes but also to examine the sociocultural impacts, power dyn”

• cites Leonard et al., 2020 sourceCould not verify

  The Authors section (pp. 1–3) discusses Indigenous land stewardship, fire, and the need to engage Indigenous knowledge holders. Searches for “exercising sovereignty,” Indigenous athletes, sport sociology, and pandemic responses found no passage about the attributed framework or its proposed use in sport sociology. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Although sports were introduced into boarding schools to civilize Indigenous males and females, boarding school athletic programs created a context for the celebration of intertribal cooperation and identity.

“Although sports were introduced into boarding schools to civilize both Indigenous males and females (Delsahut & Terret, 2014), especially through the introduction of football and basketball, boarding school athletic programs created a context for the celebration of intertribal cooperation and identity, sometimes on a scale rarely ever seen before.”

• cites Delsahut & Terret, 2014 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Indigenous Peoples have an inherent responsibility and right to exercising sovereignty through sport and physical activity as performance of cultural, political, and spiritual citizenship.

“Indigenous Peoples have an inherent responsibility and right to “exercising” sovereignty-the practice of sport and physical activity in performance of our cultural, political, and spiritual citizenship.”

• cites Ali-Joseph, 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Leonard et al., 2020 sourceCould not verify

  The Authors section (pp. 1, 3) discusses Indigenous land stewardship, the erasure of Tribal nations, and efforts to reclaim ancestral lands. Our copy does not address sport or physical activity as an exercise of sovereignty or as a performance of cultural, political, and spiritual citizenship (searched: sport, physical activity, exercising sovereignty, citizenship). (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Through the authors' research and experience, five protective factors were identified that play a crucial role in Indigenous sport experiences: community, resilience, relationality, abundance, and strength.

“Through our research and experience, we have identified five protective factors that play a crucial role in Indigenous sport experiences: community, resilience, relationality, abundance, and strength.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The five protective factors identified are the complete or primary set of protective factors for Indigenous sport experiences.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The authors' collective experiences and expertise are sufficient to identify and validate the protective factors.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The agency of Indigenous athletes is central to the exercising sovereignty framework, as they are key actors in the reclamation and revitalization of Indigenous sport.

“The agency of Indigenous athletes is central to this framework, as they are key actors in the reclamation and revitalization of Indigenous sport.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The Five Protective Factors for Exercising Sovereignty Framework offers a robust analytical tool to explore the dynamics of Indigenous sporting experiences in the sociology of sport.

“The Five Protective Factors for Exercising Sovereignty Framework's relevance in the sociology of sport for Indigenous Peoples lies in its ability to offer a robust analytical tool to explore the dynamics of Indigenous sporting experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Indigenization of sport sociology can serve as a catalyst for positive social change and the promotion of Indigenous exercising sovereignty.

“Ultimately, the Indigenization of sport sociology can serve as a catalyst for positive social change and the promotion of Indigenous “exercising” sovereignty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The protective factors are interconnected and are shaped by Indigenous ways of knowing, being, and the historical and contemporary realities of Indigenous Peoples.

“These protective factors are interconnected and are shaped by Indigenous ways of knowing, and being, and the historical and contemporary realities of Indigenous Peoples.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Sovereignty is the foundation of Indigenous nationhood, referring to the inherent right to self-governance and rights to self-determination over lands, waters, resources, citizenry, and territories.

“Sovereignty is the foundation of Indigenous nationhood, as it refers to the inherent right to selfgovernance as well as rights to self-determination over lands, waters, resources, citizenry, and territories (Biolsi, 2005).”

• cites Biolsi, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Although there is a vacuum in the sport literature with regard to Indigenous female athletes in the early 20th century, this does not mean that Indigenous female athletes and teams did not exist.

“Although there is a vacuum in the sport literature with regard to Indigenous female athletes in the early 20th century, this does not mean that Indigenous female athletes and teams did not exist (Peavy & Smith, 2005).”

• cites Peavy & Smith, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In recent years, decolonization has emerged as a prominent and timely topic in sport sociology and other academic fields.

“In recent years, decolonization has emerged as a prominent and timely topic in sport sociology and other academic fields (McGuire-Adams, 2020; Shahjahan et al., 2021;Young, 2013).”

• cites McGuire-Adams, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Shahjahan et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Young, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This racialized gender hierarchy directly affected not only Indigenous females' opportunities to participate in sports during the boarding school era, but also the notoriety of Indigenous female athletes in the general society.

“This racialized gender hierarchy directly affected not only Indigenous females' opportunities to participate in sports during the boarding school era, but also the notoriety of Indigenous female athletes in the general society.”

May combine two claims.

While assimilative practices caused immeasurable trauma, the boarding school experiences also provided a defining moment for Indigenous sport.

“While these assimilative practices caused immeasurable trauma by ripping children from their families and homelands, the boarding school experiences also provided a defining moment for Indigenous sport.”

May combine two claims.

Athletics have played a central role in shaping Indigenous education, informing interpretations of race and race relations, and contributing to the formulation of contemporary Indigenous identities.

“Additionally, athletics have played a central role in shaping Indigenous education, informing interpretations of race and race relations, and contributing to the formulation of contemporary Indigenous identities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The extension of the concept of exercising sovereignty through athletic activism holds the potential to transcend sport experiences and encompass a broader scope, specifically within sport sociology research.

“In this article, we contend that the extension of the concept of exercising sovereignty through athletic activism holds the potential to transcend sport experiences and encompass a broader scope, specifically within the realm of sport sociology research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Today, Indigenous sport remains an important part of Indigenous cultures and identities, with Indigenous athletes and communities making significant contributions to national and international sport.

“Today, Indigenous sport remains an important part of Indigenous cultures and identities, with Indigenous athletes and communities making significant contributions to national and international sport (Cahwee & Harjo, 2023).”

• cites Cahwee & Harjo, 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Sovereignty and sport are integral components of Indigenous communities, serving as mechanisms for resistance, resilience, and cultural expression.

“Sovereignty and sport are integral components of Indigenous communities, as they both serve as mechanisms for resistance, resilience, and cultural expression.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ted Nolan describes the racial slurs he was berated with throughout his career and how he navigated the verbal violence by calling home and speaking with his relatives who helped to give him strength to persevere.

“Ted Nolan describes the racial slurs he was berated with throughout his career and how he navigated the verbal violence by calling home and speaking with his relatives who helped to give him strength to persevere (CTV, 2021).”

• cites CTV, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Indigenous sport is a means of gaining generational strength, not just physical activity.

“Indigenous sport is not just about physical activity, but it is also a means of gaining generational strength.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When Verna began her running journey in 2009, she quickly realized the lack of Indigenous presence, voice, and recognition within the global and international running community.

“When Verna began her running journey in 2009, she quickly realized the lack of Indigenous presence, voice, and recognition within the global and international running community.”

• cites Native Women Running, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ted Nolan was the first Indigenous National Hockey League coach and achieved many firsts for Indigenous Peoples in professional hockey.

“However, Ted Nolan was also the first Indigenous National Hockey League coach and achieved many firsts for Indigenous Peoples in professional hockey.”

• cites CTV, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Proceeds from Native Women Running's MMIW events go to organizations that provide support to the MMIW crisis, such as Native Women's Association of Canada.

“Proceeds from these events always go to organizations to provide support to the MMIW crisis, such as Native Women's Association of Canada.”

• cites RunSignup, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Indigenous athletes assert their athletic identity in conjunction with their communities, a quality that is unique to Indigenous athletes.

“Whether running as their ancestors did or playing basketball, hockey, volleyball, softball, football, tennis, or wrestling to show the youth back home that it is possible to play a sport in college and have aspirations, these athletes assert their athletic identity in conjunction with their communities, a quality that is unique to Indigenous athletes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Many Indigenous Nations have games played on ice that are reminiscent of contemporary hockey, and Indigenous craftspeople have long been sought after for their skill in carving playing sticks.

“In fact, many Indigenous Nations have games played on ice that are reminiscent of contemporary hockey and Indigenous craftspeople have long been sought after for their skill in carving playing sticks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The group Jessie formed decided to keep their work going, forming the Indigenous Athletics Advancement Council.

“The group Jessie formed decided to keep their work going, forming the Indigenous Athletics Advancement Council.”

May combine two claims.

The Haudenosaunee Nationals continue to compete and aim to play in the Olympics in 2028 despite lack of recognition and respect.

“Despite the lack of recognition and respect they have faced, the Haudenosaunee Nationals continue to compete and aim to play in the Olympics in 2028 (Denetclaw, 2022).”

• cites Denetclaw, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Indigenous sport is integrated within both the historical and contemporary lifeways of Indigenous communities.

“Indigenous sport is integrated within both the historical and contemporary lifeways of Indigenous communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Many Indigenous communities' cultural teachings express notions of acceptance and belonging through nurturing one's hair, growing it long, and caring for it with unique styles such as braids and buns.

“Although Indigenous hair practices are diverse, many communities and nations' cultural teachings express notions of acceptance and belonging through nurturing one's hair, growing it long, and caring for it with unique styles such as braids and buns.”

May combine two claims.

Indigenous athletes have been targets of horrific taunts that in some instances have led to physical assault and young people's hair being cut in schools.

“However, as Indigenous athletes aim to compete in sports with other societies who do not share their hair practices, or worse, seek to privilege western practices, they have been the targets of horrific taunts that in some instances have led to physical assault and young people's hair being cut in schools.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Jessie Stomski-Seim would only join the NCAA Women's Final Four Local Organizing Committee on the condition that the NCAA commit to include the local Indigenous community in their festivities.

“Jessie would only join the committee on one condition, that the NCAA would make a commitment to include the local Indigenous community in their festivities.”

May combine two claims.

The presence of Indigenous families in hockey should be a welcome expectation, but Indigenous athletes have largely been treated as unwanted interlopers in settler-colonial societies.

“Therefore, the presence of Indigenous families in the sport should be a welcome expectation, but like many aspects of settler-colonial societies Indigenous athletes have largely been treated as unwanted interlopers (Arcand et al., 2021;McLeod & McKegney, 2021;Norman et al., 2022).”

• cites Arcand et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites McLeod & McKegney, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Norman et al., 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

After being blacklisted from coaching in the National Hockey League due to prejudice and discrimination against Indigenous Peoples, Ted Nolan returned home to create the Ted Nolan Foundation and a charity with his sons, Brandon and Jordan, known as 3NOLANS in 2013.

“In 2021, during an episode of The Unwanted Visitor, Nolan describes how after being blacklisted from coaching in the National Hockey League due to prejudice and discrimination against Indigenous Peoples, like himself, he returned home to create the Ted Nolan Foundation and a charity with his sons, Brandon andJordan, known as 3NOLANS in 2013 (3Nolans, 2022;CTV, 2021).”

• cites 3Nolans, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites CTV, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The use of sport as a tool for resistance has continued into contemporary times, with Indigenous athletes leading resistance movements and challenging dominant narratives through their athletic achievements.

“The use of sport as a tool for resistance has continued into contemporary times, with Indigenous athletes leading resistance movements and challenging dominant narratives through their athletic achievements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The whitewashing of lacrosse leads the average fan to overlook any Indigenous roots of lacrosse.

“Despite efforts by new leagues like the Premier Lacrosse League, the whitewashing of lacrosse leads the average fan to overlook any Indigenous roots of lacrosse.”

May combine two claims.

The 2022 Sovereignty Run was an act of Indigenous resurgence and commemoration of the 2002 Sovereignty Run.

“While the 2022 Sovereignty Run was in protest and response to this decision, it was also an act of Indigenous resurgence and commemoration of the 2002 Sovereignty Run, where Indigenous Nations leaders and advocates embarked on a cross-country run from Washington state to Washington, DC to fight for sovereignty rights (National Congress of American Indians, 2022).”

• cites National Congress of American Indians, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These movements serve as a powerful tool for Indigenous Peoples to assert our sovereignty, reclaim our culture and identity, and combat the negative effects of colonialism.

“These movements serve as a powerful tool for Indigenous Peoples to assert our sovereignty, reclaim our culture and identity, and combat the negative effects of colonialism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The integration of Indigenous women's basketball legends throughout the NCAA Final Four events was impactful for the women and for spectators and fans of women's basketball.

“The integration of these legends throughout the events was undoubtedly impactful for these women but also all of the spectators and fans of women's basketball.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The examination of sport sociology research through the lens of the community protective factor reveals the profound significance of communal bonds and their impact on various facets of Indigenous sporting experiences.

“Expanding upon the concept of sport as a generational bridge within Indigenous communities, the examination of sport sociology research through the lens of the community protective factor reveals the profound significance of communal bonds and their impact on various facets of Indigenous sporting experiences.”

May combine two claims.

As Forsyth and Wamsley (2006) highlighted, the promotion of sports in residential schools was aimed at instilling Euro-Canadian values and practices in Indigenous youth, while simultaneously using physical activity as a tool for discipline and punishment.

“As Forsyth and Wamsley (2006) highlighted, the promotion of sports in residential schools was aimed at instilling Euro-Canadian values and practices in Indigenous youth, while simultaneously using physical activity as a tool for discipline and punishment.”

• cites Forsyth & Wamsley, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Situating sport within the communal efforts of Indigenous Peoples and communities expands on not only the cultural phenomena within sport sociology but, more importantly, draws upon the political connections to sport.

“Situating sport within the communal efforts of Indigenous Peoples and communities expands on not only the cultural phenomena within sport sociology but, more importantly, draws upon the political connections to sport.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ted Nolan and his sons Brandon and Jordan are all members of Garden River First Nation and all played professional hockey.

“Ted Nolan and his sons Brandon and Jordan are all members of Garden River First Nation and all played professional hockey (CTV, 2021).”

• cites CTV, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

For many Indigenous athletes, these expressions of love are more valuable than anything and, in some instances, they have made all the difference as to whether an athlete reaches their dreams.

“For many Indigenous athletes, these expressions of love are more valuable than anything and, in some instances, they have made all the difference as to whether an athlete reaches their dreams.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Contemporary Indigenous sport movements have emerged in recent years, driven by the desire to reclaim, revitalize, and celebrate Indigenous sport practices.

“Contemporary Indigenous sport movements have emerged in recent years, driven by the desire to reclaim, revitalize, and celebrate Indigenous sport practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Indigenous Peoples and our cultures exemplify resilience, outlasting centuries of state-sponsored attempts at complete eradication.

“Indigenous Peoples and our cultures exemplify resilience, outlasting centuries of state-sponsored attempts at complete eradication.”

May combine two claims.

Native Women Running sponsors 10-20 Indigenous runners at several runs around the United States and Canada, including the Boston Marathon, and has organized missing and murdered Indigenous women (MMIW) Virtual Runs.

“Native Women Running sponsors 10-20 Indigenous runners at several runs around the United States and Canada, including the Boston Marathon, and has also organized missing and murdered Indigenous women (MMIW) Virtual Runs”

• cites RunSignup, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Indigenous athletes today who dare to wear their hair in a braid or bun are not only practicing cultural teachings but are active in processes of reclamation, revitalization, and reconciliation for harms done to their ancestors.

“Therefore, Indigenous athletes today who dare to wear their hair in a braid or bun are not only practicing cultural teachings but are active in processes of reclamation, revitalization, and reconciliation for harms done to their ancestors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Settler colonialism and ongoing colonial structures impact Indigenous sport experiences.

“It is essential to acknowledge the impact of settler colonialism and ongoing colonial structures on Indigenous sport experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Those who are able to find supportive pathways and tools to persevere learn to accept themselves and love themselves unconditionally.

“Those who are able to find supportive pathways and tools to persevere learn quickly that despite what others may say about them, their families, or Indigenous Peoples, first and foremost they must learn to accept themselves and love themselves unconditionally.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The presence of Indigenous family dynasties in sport not only promotes Indigenous athletes' athletic success but also serves as an important way for Indigenous communities to exercise their sovereignty.

“The presence of Indigenous family dynasties in sport not only promotes Indigenous athletes' athletic success but also serves as an important way for Indigenous communities to exercise their sovereignty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This example highlights the importance of community support and solidarity in Indigenous youth athlete activism.

“This example highlights the importance of community support and solidarity in Indigenous youth athlete activism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

For Indigenous athletes, sport provides a space to embody kinship and family connectedness values and connect with their family and community.

“For Indigenous athletes, sport provides a space to embody these values and connect with their family and community.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Indigenous athletes are often change agents who use their platform to promote athletic activism through positive social change and advocacy for social justice issues.

“Indigenous athletes are often change agents, who use their platform to promote athletic activism through positive social change and advocacy for social justice issues.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many Indigenous communities have embraced both the traditional medicine game and the modern form of lacrosse.

“Despite their exclusion, many Indigenous communities have embraced both the traditional medicine game and the modern form of lacrosse.”

May combine two claims.

The legacy of racism and discrimination in sport often creates a hostile environment for Indigenous athletes, and many struggle to find acceptance for themselves.

“Unfortunately, the legacy of racism and discrimination in sport often creates a hostile environment for Indigenous athletes, and many struggle to find acceptance for themselves.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Abundance is a philosophical perspective that can be found in Indigenous approaches to sport, not simply plenty.

“Abundance does not simply mean plenty; it is a philosophical perspective that can also be found in Indigenous approaches to sport.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Through sport, Indigenous athletes assert their sovereignty, resilience, and agency, challenging the dominant narrative of Indigenous inferiority and erasure.

“Through sport, Indigenous athletes assert their sovereignty, resilience, and agency, challenging the dominant narrative of Indigenous inferiority and erasure.”

May combine two claims.

These examples highlight the complex and often contradictory ways in which sport has been used to perpetuate colonialism and resist it.

“These examples highlight the complex and often contradictory ways in which sport has been used to perpetuate colonialism and resist it, emphasizing the need for a critical examination of sport in relation to Indigenous Peoples and our experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Running events not only promote health and wellness but also serve as a way to honor MMIW and to recognize Boarding and Residential School survivors.

“For instance, running events not only promote health and wellness but also serve as a way to honor MMIW and to recognize Boarding and Residential School survivors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Indigenous athletes competing outside their home communities often face racism, prejudice, and discrimination in sport.

“Indigenous athletes competing outside their home communities often face racism, prejudice, and discrimination in sport.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Movement and physical activity are key components of Indigenous Peoples' connection to the land and ancestors, sustaining the inherent right to exercise sovereignty.

“Movement and physical activity are key components of Indigenous Peoples' connection to the land and ancestors, sustaining the inherent right to exercise sovereignty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Settler-colonialism may limit Indigenous access to many different types of physical resources needed to excel at sport, such as equipment, transportation, and recreational facilities.

“Settler-colonialism may limit Indigenous access to many different types of physical resources needed to excel at sport such as equipment, transportation, and recreational facilities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Centering Indigenous sport experiences provides a distinct opportunity to infuse the field of sport sociology with an Indigenous perspective, thus advancing the process of Indigenization.

“Centering Indigenous sport experiences provides a distinct opportunity to infuse the field of sport sociology with an Indigenous perspective, thus advancing the process of Indigenization.”

May combine two claims.

Through their activism, the Navajo athletes fought for their right to wear their hair in a culturally significant style and raised awareness about the importance of cultural identity and expression in sports.

“Through their activism, the Navajo athletes not only fought for their right to wear their hair in a culturally significant style, but also raised awareness about the importance of cultural identity and expression in sports.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

One nuance involved in utilizing culture to promote Indigenous well-being is Indigenous sport.

“We argue that one of such nuances involved in utilizing culture to promote Indigenous well-being is Indigenous sport.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Past and present colonial policies have shaped access to resources and opportunities for Indigenous communities and athletes, and have influenced the construction of dominant narratives around Indigenous sport.

“Sport sociologists must recognize the ways in which past and present colonial policies have shaped access to resources and opportunities for Indigenous communities and athletes, as well as how these policies have influenced the construction of dominant narratives around Indigenous sport.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Indigenous sport is not only a way of life but also a symbol of Indigenous culture and resurgence.

“Indigenous sport is not only a way of life but also a symbol of Indigenous culture and resurgence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Indigenous youth athlete activism is a powerful example of the protective factor of relationality in Indigenous sport experiences.

“Indigenous youth athlete activism is a powerful example of the protective factor of relationality in Indigenous sport experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Indigenous Athletics Advancement Council is focused on creating spaces of abundance for Indigenous peoples through sport and the disruption of sports hierarchies.

“While pointing out the disparities in sport leadership, the Indigenous Athletics Advancement Council is focused on creating spaces of abundance for Indigenous peoples through sport and the disruption of sports hierarchies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Since Indigenous sport is a sovereign act, many communal movements are grounded in political rights and recognition of tribal sovereignty.

“Since Indigenous sport is a sovereign act, many of these communal movements are grounded in political rights and recognition of tribal sovereignty.”

May combine two claims.

Sport has been an important tool for Indigenous survivance, as it allows for the reclamation and celebration of traditional practices and the creation of new ones that reflect contemporary Indigenous experiences.

“Sport has been an important tool for Indigenous survivance, as it allows for the reclamation and celebration of traditional practices and the creation of new ones that reflect contemporary Indigenous experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

This strength is necessary to overcome the intergenerational trauma caused by colonialism and the genocide of Indigenous Peoples.

“This strength is necessary to overcome the intergenerational trauma caused by colonialism and the genocide of Indigenous Peoples.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In contemporary Indigenous sport, the emphasis on reclaiming and revitalizing family connectedness plays a foundational role in countering the intergenerational legacy of trauma experienced by Indigenous families due to residential/boarding schools.

“In contemporary Indigenous sport, the emphasis on reclaiming and revitalizing family connectedness plays a foundational role in countering the intergenerational legacy of trauma experienced by Indigenous families due to residential/boarding schools.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The protective factor Community is grounded within Indigenous movement and can be seen within local and national Indigenous community efforts.

“The protective factor Community is grounded within Indigenous movement and can be seen within local and national Indigenous community efforts.”

May combine two claims.

Despite the oppressive violence rampant in the schools, Indigenous students were able to create their own subversive and resistant forms of sport, which allowed for the expression of cultural identity and solidarity among students.

“However, despite the oppressive violence rampant in the schools, Indigenous students were able to create their own subversive and resistant forms of sport, which allowed for the expression of cultural identity and solidarity among students.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These Supreme Court decisions are built upon hundreds of years of Federal Indian policy and religious social movements aimed to limit tribal sovereignty.

“These Supreme Court decisions are built upon hundreds of years of Federal Indian policy and religious social movements aimed to limit tribal sovereignty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Native Women Running and other Indigenous running groups, such as the Indigenous Running Club based in London, Ontario, are important spaces for Indigenous Peoples to feel safe, supported, and visible.

“Native Women Running and other Indigenous running groups, such as the Indigenous Running Club, based in London, Ontario are important spaces for Indigenous Peoples to feel safe, supported, and visible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The protective factor of abundance is demonstrated in sporting events where Indigenous athletes serve as change agents and give back to their communities through their sport.

“The protective factor of abundance is demonstrated in these sporting events, as Indigenous athletes serve as change agents and give back to their communities through their sport.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The values of kinship and family connectedness inherent in Indigenous communities cultivate this strength.

“The values of kinship and family connectedness that are inherent in Indigenous communities cultivate this strength.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many tribes across North America still play their own version of stickball, either in exhibition form or as a continued part of traditional preservation, demonstrating their resilience.

“Many tribes across North America still play their own version of stickball, either in exhibition form or as a continued part of traditional preservation and demonstrating their resilience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The game of stickball has been modified to what many know now as modern-day lacrosse, all the while maintaining its traditional forms in many Indigenous communities.

“The game of stickball has been modified to what many know now as modern-day lacrosse, all the while maintaining its traditional forms in many Indigenous communities.”

May combine two claims.

Sport becomes a site of resistance and a tool for the ongoing project of Indigenous survivance.

“In this way, sport becomes a site of resistance and a tool for the ongoing project of Indigenous survivance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

By participating in and excelling in sports, Indigenous athletes demonstrate their ability to navigate and thrive within a settler colonial society while maintaining their cultural identity and connection to their communities.

“By participating in and excelling in sports, Indigenous athletes demonstrate their ability to navigate and thrive within a settler colonial society while maintaining their cultural identity and connection to their communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

These movements draw on Indigenous ways of knowing, values, and traditions to create culturally relevant and empowering sport experiences.

“These movements draw on Indigenous ways of knowing, values, and traditions to create culturally relevant and empowering sport experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Abundance can be applied broadly to Indigenous lifeways, not only in the context of resources.

“In today's society abundance is often thought of primarily in the context of resources, but it can be applied broadly to Indigenous lifeways.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

By carving out a path for themselves and future generations, Indigenous athletes embody the protective factor of relationality in Indigenous sport experiences, fostering unconditional acceptance and a sense of belongingness.

“By carving out a path for themselves and future generations, they embody the protective factor of relationality in Indigenous sport experiences, fostering unconditional acceptance and a sense of belongingness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The committee coordinated by Jessie Stomski-Seim developed extensive programming that engaged the Minneapolis community with the Indigenous community.

“This committee worked quickly to develop extensive programming that engaged the Minneapolis community with the Indigenous community.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Abundance is a protective factor that reflects the Indigenous practice of giving back to one's family, nation, and community.

“Abundance is a protective factor that reflects the Indigenous practice of giving back to one's family, nation, and community.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Indigenous Athletics Advancement Council focuses on power structures like the NCAA, National Basketball Association, and other professional and established sport organizations to ensure they are appropriately serving their respective Native communities.

“While they see the importance of organizations serving Indigenous youth, their focus is more on power structures like the NCAA, National Basketball Association, and other professional and established sport organizations to ensure they are appropriately serving their respective Native communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Communal efforts to affirm sovereignty through movement are generational and asserted through political organizations and social awareness.

“Communal efforts to affirm sovereignty through movement are generational and asserted through political organizations and social awareness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The game of stickball is connected to many Indigenous communities' Creation story, as an important part of their origination and a symbol of survivance.

“The game is also connected to many Indigenous communities' Creation story, as an important part of their origination and a symbol of survivance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The next protective factor, relationality, is significant in Indigenous sport experiences as it emphasizes the importance of building and maintaining relationships within and outside of the community.

“Furthermore, the next protective factor, relationality, is also significant in Indigenous sport experiences as it emphasizes the importance of building and maintaining relationships within and outside of the community.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Examples of contemporary Indigenous sport movements include the North American Indigenous Games, which bring together Indigenous athletes from across North America to compete in traditional and modern sports.

“Examples of contemporary Indigenous sport movements include the North American Indigenous Games, which bring together Indigenous athletes from across North America to compete in traditional and modern sports (Forsyth & Wamsley, 2006).”

• cites Forsyth & Wamsley, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Within the protective factor of Relationality, Indigenous sport teaches unconditional acceptance and provides experiences of belongingness.

“Within the protective factor of Relationality, Indigenous sport teaches unconditional acceptance and provides experiences of belongingness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Indigenous athletes who embrace their cultural practices and pursue athlete activism challenge the norms of western-centric sports and create opportunities for Indigenous futurity.

“Indigenous athletes who embrace their cultural practices and pursue athlete activism challenge the norms of western-centric sports and create opportunities for Indigenous futurity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The blend of traditional and introduced sports within Indigenous Country has created a sporting community that is diverse and resilient despite a legacy of trauma premised on the assimilative goal of 'Kill the Indian to save the man.'

“The blend of traditional and introduced sports within Indigenous Country has created a sporting community that is diverse and resilient despite a legacy of trauma premised on the assimilative goal of, “Kill the Indian to save the man.””

May combine two claims.

Through their activism, young Indigenous athletes create meaningful connections with others and work toward building a sense of acceptance and belongingness.

“Through their activism, young Indigenous athletes create meaningful connections with others and work toward building a sense of acceptance and belongingness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Stickball is a literal example of 'more than sport,' because for many Indigenous communities it is known as the 'medicine game' and a gift from the Creator.

“Stickball is a literal example of “more than sport,” because the game is more than physical activity, for many Indigenous communities it is known as the “medicine game” and a gift from the Creator.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These protective factors are grounded in Indigenous ways of knowing and being, and are essential for the holistic well-being and success of Indigenous athletes and communities.

“These protective factors are grounded in Indigenous ways of knowing and being, and are essential for the holistic well-being and success of Indigenous athletes and communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Overall, the protective factors of community, resilience, relationality, abundance, and strength are essential for Indigenous athletes to exercise their sovereignty and thrive in sport experiences.

“Overall, the protective factors of community, resilience, relationality, abundance, and strength are essential for Indigenous athletes to exercise their sovereignty and thrive in sport experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The centering of Indigenous perspectives and knowledge in sport sociology research and practice allows for a deeper understanding of the cultural, social, and historical contexts of Indigenous sport experiences.

“The centering of Indigenous perspectives and knowledge in sport sociology research and practice allows for a deeper understanding of the cultural, social, and historical contexts of Indigenous sport experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Indigenous sport experiences provide a unique opportunity to exercise sovereignty by reclaiming and revitalizing Indigenous cultural practices, values, and knowledge.

“Indigenous sport experiences provide a unique opportunity to exercise sovereignty by reclaiming and revitalizing Indigenous cultural practices, values, and knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

This deeper understanding can lead to the development of more effective and culturally relevant interventions to address the systemic barriers and inequalities faced by Indigenous athletes and communities.

“This in turn can lead to the development of more effective and culturally relevant interventions to address the systemic barriers and inequalities faced by Indigenous athletes and communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

By embodying these protective factors, Indigenous athletes are able to resist ongoing colonization and build a pathway toward the reclamation of Indigenous sovereignty.

“By embodying these protective factors, Indigenous athletes are able to resist ongoing colonization and build a pathway toward the reclamation of Indigenous sovereignty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The Indigenization of sport sociology is an important component of exercising sovereignty.

“In addition to the protective factors, the Indigenization of sport sociology is also an important component of exercising sovereignty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The Indigenization of sport sociology is crucial for the recognition and empowerment of Indigenous ways of knowing and being in sport research.

“The Indigenization of sport sociology is also crucial for the recognition and empowerment of Indigenous ways of knowing and being in sport research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The application of this analytical framework can lead to transformative change in the representation and experiences of Indigenous Peoples in sports, as well as contribute to broader decolonization and reconciliation efforts in society.

“The application of this framework can lead to transformative change in the representation and experiences of Indigenous Peoples in sports, as well as contribute to the broader decolonization and reconciliation efforts in society.”