Predictive gaze cues affect face evaluations: the effect of facial emotion
Open accessAbstract
When we see someone change their direction of gaze, we spontaneously follow their eyes because we expect people to look at interesting objects. Bayliss and Tipper (2006) examined the consequences of observing this expectancy being either confirmed or violated by faces producing reliable or unreliable gaze cues. Participants viewed different faces that would consistently look at the target, or consistently look away from the target: The faces that consistently looked towards targets were subsequently chosen as being more trustworthy than the faces that consistently looked away from targets. The current work demonstrates that these gaze contingency effects are only detected when faces create a positive social context by smiling, but not in the negative context when all the faces held angry or neutral expressions. These data suggest that implicit processing of the reward contingencies associated with gaze cues relies on a positive emotional expression to maintain expectations of a favourable outcome of joint attention episodes.
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Happy facial expressions can be treated as rewarding because they are desirable cues that trigger approach behavior.
“happy faces can be seen as desirable stimuli that elicit approach behaviors, and thus can be conceptualized as rewarding”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Bayliss et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Bayliss, A. P., Griffiths, D., & Tipper, S. P.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bayliss, Andrew P.
- Venue
- European Journal of Cognitive Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1072-1084
- ISSN
- 0954-1446 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0635
- PMC
- PMC2945961
- OpenAlex
- W2167346576
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- Leverhulme Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- gaze cues, facial emotion, trustworthiness judgments, joint attention, smiling, anger, reward contingency, implicit processing, social evaluation, gaze direction
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