Facial dynamics as indicators of trustworthiness and cooperative behavior.
Abstract
Detecting cooperative partners in situations that have financial stakes is crucial to successful social exchange. The authors tested whether humans are sensitive to subtle facial dynamics of counterparts when deciding whether to trust and cooperate. Participants played a 2-person trust game before which the facial dynamics of the other player were manipulated using brief (<6 s) but highly realistic facial animations. Results showed that facial dynamics significantly influenced participants' (a) choice of with whom to play the game and (b) decisions to cooperate. It was also found that inferences about the other player's trustworthiness mediated these effects of facial dynamics on cooperative behavior.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Authentic smiles engender stronger inferences of trustworthiness and cooperativeness than fake smiles.
“Authentic smiles engender stronger inferences of trustworthiness and cooperativeness than fake smiles”
From The Social Effects of Emotions (2022) · cites this paper as Krumhuber et al. 2007
People tend to feel less trust toward, and cooperate less with, interaction partners who exhibit inauthentic rather than authentic smiles.
“People also tend to feel less trust toward, and cooperate less with, interaction partners who exhibit inauthentic rather than authentic smiles (Krumhuber et al. 2007).”
From The Social Effects of Emotions (2022) · cites this paper as Krumhuber et al. 2007
Across contexts and emotions, authentic emotional expressions tend to have more adaptive social consequences than inauthentic emotional expressions, because inauthentic expressions undermine observers' trust.
“For instance, across contexts and emotions, authentic emotional expressions tend to have more adaptive social consequences than inauthentic emotional expressions, because inauthentic expressions undermine observers' trust (Côté et al. 2013, Krumhuber et al. 2007).”
From The Social Effects of Emotions (2022) · cites this paper as Krumhuber et al. 2007
Facial gestures and physical traits influence impressions, as do characteristics of the trustor, comments posted by friends, and personality traits of the trustee.
“Facial gestures and physical traits also influence impressions [40], as do characteristics of the trustor [41], comments posted by friends, and personality traits of the trustee [42,43], which were not examined here.”
From Effects of Mock Facebook Workday Comments on Public Perception of Professional Credibility: A Field Study in Canada (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
Cites
First Impressions: Making Up Your Mind After a 100-Ms Exposure to a Face
Willis, J., & Todorov, A. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01750.x · Cited by 2,300 · see citing works
Kintsch, W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,051 · see citing works
Social Functions of Emotions at Four Levels of Analysis
Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379168 · Cited by 1,743 · see citing works
Inferences of competence from faces predict election outcomes
Todorov, A., Mandisodza, A. N., Goren, A., & Hall, C. C. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110589 · Cited by 1,508 · see citing works
(1972) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-02458-9 · Cited by 1,455 · see citing works
The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology: II.
Ekman, P., Davidson, R. J., & Friesen, W. V. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.342 · Cited by 1,371 · see citing works
Felt, false, and miserable smiles
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1982) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00987191 · Cited by 1,030 · see citing works
Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces
Winston, J. S., Strange, B. A., O'Doherty, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn816 · Cited by 993 · see citing works
Deciphering the Enigmatic Face
Ambadar, Z., Schooler, J. W., & Cohn, J. F. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01548.x · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & O'Sullivan, M. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.3.414 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
The value of a smile: Game theory with a human face
Scharlemann, J. P. W., Eckel, C. C., Kacelnik, A., & Wilson, R. K. (2001) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0167-4870(01)00059-9 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Adaptations Designed for Social Exchange
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9780470939376.ch20 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
The role of movement in the recognition of famous faces
Lander, K., Christie, F., & Bruce, V. (1999) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03201228 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Boone, R. T., & Buck, R. W. (2003) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1025341931128 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Schmidt, K. L., Ambadar, Z., Cohn, J. F., & Reed, L. I. (2006) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-005-0003-x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Dynamic Properties Influence the Perception of Facial Expressions
Kamachi, M., Bruce, V., Mukaida, S., Gyoba, J., Yoshikawa, S., & Akamatsu, S. (2013) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p3131n · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Ross, W. H., & LaCroix, J. (1996) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/eb022786 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Differentiating emotion elicited and deliberate emotional facial expressions
Hess, U. S., & Kleck, R. E. (1990) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420200502 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Moving Smiles: The Role of Dynamic Components for the Perception of the Genuineness of Smiles
Krumhuber, E. G., & Kappas, A. (2005) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-004-0887-x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationKrumhuber, E. G., Manstead, A. S. R., & Kappas, A. (2006) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-006-0019-x · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of dynamic information in the recognition of unfamiliar faces
Christie, F., & Bruce, V. (1998) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03211397 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Adolphs, R. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn0302-192 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Introducing Moral Emotions into Models of Rational Choice
Frank, R. H. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511806582.024 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Trust and fear of exploitation in a public goods dilemma
Cremer, D. D. (1999) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-999-1024-0 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
THE TIMING OF FACIAL MOTION IN POSED AND SPONTANEOUS SMILES
Cohn, J. F., & Schmidt, K. L. (2003) · Active Media Technology · doi:10.1142/9789812704313_0005 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Dynamic properties influence the perception of facial
Bruce, V., & Mukaida, S. (2001) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Frank, L. K. (1954) · Doubleday & Co eBooks · doi:10.1037/13203-000 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emotional expressions reconsidered: Challenges to inferring emotion from human facial movements
Barrett, L. F., Adolphs, R., Marsella, S., Martinez, A. M., & Pollak, S. D. (2019) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100619832930 · Cited by 1,748 · see citing works
Social Attributions from Faces: Determinants, Consequences, Accuracy, and Functional Significance
Todorov, A. T., Olivola, C. Y., Dotsch, R., & Mende‐Siedlecki, P. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143831 · Cited by 1,039 · see citing works
An Interpersonal Approach to Emotion in Social Decision Making
Kleef, G. A. V., Dreu, C. K. W. D., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2010) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(10)42002-x · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Social Effects of Emotions
van Kleef, G. A., & Côté, S. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-010855 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
“Trait inferences from facial displays are modulated by the authenticity of the display: Authentic smiles engender stronger inferences of trustworthiness and cooperativeness than fake smiles (Krumhuber et al. 2007).”
The Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression
Niedenthal, P. M., Mermillod, M., Maringer, M., & Hess, U. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10000865 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Effects of Dynamic Aspects of Facial Expressions: A Review
Krumhuber, E. G., Kappas, A., & Manstead, A. (2013) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073912451349 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Self-citationFacial Trustworthiness Predicts Extreme Criminal-Sentencing Outcomes
Wilson, J. P., & Rule, N. O. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615590992 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
“People infer trustworthiness from faces quickly and with high consensus (Krumhuber et al., 2007; Willis & Todorov, 2006; Zebrowitz, Voinescu, & Collins, 1996).”
BackgroundShared perceptual basis of emotional expressions and trustworthiness impressions from faces.
Oosterhof, N. N., & Todorov, A. T. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0014520 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Can Duchenne smiles be feigned? New evidence on felt and false smiles.
Krumhuber, E. G., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0017844 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Self-citationReading people’s minds from emotion expressions in interdependent decision making.
de Melo, C. M., Carnevale, P. J., Read, S. J., & Gratch, J. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034251 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
“…by self and other (Pruitt & Kimmel, 1977)–emotion displays can impact negotiation (e.g., Van Kleef, De Dreu, & Manstead, 2004, 2006), trust (e.g., Krumhuber et al., 2007), reactions to ultimatums (e.g., van Dijk, Van Kleef, Steinel, & Van Beest, 2008), cooperation in public goods dilemmas…”
Trust: An Integrative Review from a Person–Situation Perspective
Thielmann, I., & Hilbig, B. E. (2015) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000046 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
“…2012; Todorov, Baron, & Oosterhof, 2008; Todorov, Pakrashi, & Oosterhof, 2009), facial expressions (Campellone & Kring, 2013; Eckel & Wilson, 2003; Krumhuber et al., 2007; Little, Jones, DeBruine, & Dunbar, 2013; Scharlemann, Eckel, Kacelnik, & Wilson, 2001; Shinada et al., 2010; Sofer, Dotsch,…”
Accuracy and consensus in judgments of trustworthiness from faces: Behavioral and neural correlates.
Rule, N. O., Krendl, A. C., Ivčević, Z., & Ambady, N. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031050 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Video-based emotion recognition in the wild using deep transfer learning and score fusion
Kaya, H., Gürpınar, F., & Salah, A. A. (2017) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2017.01.012 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Being Your True Self at Work: Integrating the Fragmented Research on Authenticity in Organizations
Cha, S. E., Hewlin, P. F., Roberts, L. M., Buckman, B. R., Leroy, H., Steckler, E. L., Ostermeier, K. K., & Cooper, D. (2019) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2016.0108 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
The impact of positive mood on trust in interpersonal and intergroup interactions.
Lount, R. B. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017344 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
The consequences of faking anger in negotiations
Côté, S., Hideg, I., & Kleef, G. A. V. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.12.015 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“, honesty), and cooperated more in a prisoner's dilemma and a trust game when others displayed authentic rather than inauthentic smiles (Johnston, Miles, & Macrae, 2010; Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundRychlowska, M., Miyamoto, Y., Matsumoto, D., Heß, U., Gilboa‐Schechtman, E., Kamble, S. V., Muluk, H., Masuda, T., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1413661112 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Kleef, G. A. V., van Doorn, E. A., Heerdink, M. W., & Koning, L. F. (2011) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2011.627192 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“In one study participants felt more trust towards and cooperated more with a person who showed an authentic rather than an inauthentic smile (Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundToward a Social Psychophysics of Face Communication
Jack, R. E., & Schyns, P. G. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044242 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Why are you smiling at me? Social functions of enjoyment and non‐enjoyment smiles
Johnston, L. C., Miles, L. K., & Macrae, C. N. (2009) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466609x412476 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“The use of smile type as an organizing feature was greater when issues of trust or cooperation were made salient through experimental instructions, consistent with the proposal that smile type is a reliable marker of trustworthiness (Krumhuber et al., 2007; Owren & Bachorowski, 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe social context of trust: The role of status
Lount, R. B., & Pettit, N. C. (2012) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.07.005 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Beyond smile dynamics: Mimicry and beliefs in judgments of smiles.
Maringer, M., Krumhuber, E. G., Fischer, A. H., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022596 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“All stimuli started at a neutral position for 10 frames and then changed in one of the two onset durations, to a smiling face at a target intensity of 0.8 (see Krumhuber et al., 2007, for details).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationFagerstrøm, A., Pawar, S., Sigurðsson, V., Foxall, G. R., & Yani‐de‐Soriano, M. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.029 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Smiles as Multipurpose Social Signals
Martin, J., Rychlowska, M., Wood, A., & Niedenthal, P. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.08.007 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Seeing is believing? Executives' facial trustworthiness, auditor tenure, and audit fees
Hsieh, T., Kim, J., Wang, R. R., & Wang, Z. (2019) · Journal of Accounting and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jacceco.2019.101260 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“For example, facial emotional expressions, especially smiling, may influence facial trustworthiness (Eckel and Wilson, 1998; Ethier-Majcher et al., 2013; Krumhuber et al., 2007; Scharlemann et al., 2001).”
Wang, K. L., & Groth, M. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034428 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“Findings in social psychology suggest that inauthentic displays are associated with less favorable judgments regarding the person’s honesty, pleasantness, and likeability (Frank, Ekman, & Friesen, 1993; Surakka & Hietanen, 1998), as well as trust and cooperation (Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundThe role of facial movements in emotion recognition
Krumhuber, E. G., Skora, L. I., Hill, H. C. H., & Lander, K. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00172-1 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“…a differentiation between posed and spontaneous expressions (Hess & Kleck, 1994; Ambadar, Cohn, & Reed, 2009), with shorter onset and offset timings leading to less positive evaluations (Hoffmann et al., 2010; Sato & Yoshikawa, 2004; Krumhuber & Kappas, 2005; Krumhuber et al., 2007a, 2007b, 2009).”
Self-citationComputational Models of Emotion
Marsella, S., Gratch, J. S., & Petta, P. (2010) · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Let the Avatar Brighten Your Smile: Effects of Enhancing Facial Expressions in Virtual Environments
Oh, S. Y., Bailenson, J., Krämer, N., & Li, B. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161794 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Singh, S. N., Li, Y., Mishra, S., Ambrose, M. L., & Biernat, M. (2017) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0367 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Social Conflict: The Emergence and Consequences of Struggle and Negotiation
Dreu, C. K. W. D. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002027 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Emotions and the communication of intentions in face-to-face diplomacy
Wong, S. S. (2015) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066115581059 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Centorrino, S., Djemaï, É., Hopfensitz, A., Milinski, M., & Seabright, P. (2014) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.08.001 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Social Psychophysiology for Social and Personality Psychology
Blascovich, J., Vanman, E. J., Mendes, W. B., & Dickerson, S. S. (2011) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446287842 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Emotional expressivity as a signal of cooperation
Schug, J. R., Matsumoto, D., Horita, Y., Yamagishi, T., & Bonnet, K. R. (2009) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.09.006 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“…many researchers looking for such signals in humans have focused on involuntary facial expressions of emotion (Boone & Buck 2003; Brown & Moore, 2002; Frank 1988; Krumhuber et al., 2007; Mehu, Little, & Dunbar, 2007; Oda et al., 2009; Trivers 1971; Scharlemann, Eckel, Kacelnik & Wilson, 2001).”
BackgroundTwo signals of social rank: Prestige and dominance are associated with distinct nonverbal displays.
Witkower, Z., Tracy, J., Cheng, J. T., & Henrich, J. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000181 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Smiling has been shown to increase perceptions of warmth and liking (Bayes, 1972; Gifford, 1994; Guerrero, 2005; Krumhuber et al., 2007; Lau, 1982), and is used to convey closeness among interactants (Mehrabian, 1971; Martin, Rychlowska, Wood, & Niedenthal, 2017).”
Blocking Mimicry Makes True and False Smiles Look the Same
Rychlowska, M., Cañadas, E., Wood, A., Krumhuber, E. G., Fischer, A. H., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090876 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“social rewards [15], triggering positive emotion [16] and cooperative behavior [17].”
BackgroundSelf-citationComputational Models of Emotion Inference in Theory of Mind: A Review and Roadmap
Ong, D. C., Zaki, J., & Goodman, N. D. (2018) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12371 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“People are intuitively sensitive to how emotions can influence others’ actions; for example, people use a partner’s emotional displays to infer how cooperative they would be (Krumhuber et al., 2007; Levine, Barasch, Rand, Berman, & Small, 2018; Van Kleef et al., 2010).”
Moving the self and others to do good: The emotional underpinnings of prosocial behavior
Kleef, G. A. V., & Lelieveld, G. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.029 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Explaining large- N cooperation: Generalized social trust and the social exchange heuristic
Sønderskov, K. M. (2011) · Rationality and Society · doi:10.1177/1043463110396058 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Specific trust is based on all sorts of specific cues like appearance, gender, reputation, and previous behavior (Bohnet and Baytelman, 2007; Frank et al., 1993; Krumhuber et al., 2007; Wilson and Eckel, 2006).”
BackgroundReed, L. I., Zeglen, K. N., & Schmidt, K. L. (2011) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.09.003 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Social functions of emotion and emotion regulation
Fischer, A. H., Manstead, A. S. R., Barrett, L. F., Lewis, M., & Haviland-Jones, J. M. (2016) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationSong, Y., & Luximon, Y. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20185087 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Further, Engell and his colleagues [55] explored the scenario of how people evaluate the trustworthiness of neutral representations after initially adapting to a happy or angry face.”
BackgroundSønderskov, K. M. (2009) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-009-9416-0 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Obviously, several factors affect an individual’s perception of the likely intentions of other actors in collective action dilemmas—like specific information from prior interactions, reputation, appearance, gender and so on (Bohnet and Baytelman 2007; Krumhuber et al. 2007; Wilson and Eckel 2006).”
BackgroundKrumhuber, E. G., Manstead, A. S. R., Cosker, D. P., Marshall, D., & Rosin, P. L. (2008) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-008-0056-8 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationThe looks of a leader: Competent and trustworthy, but not dominant
Chen, F., Jing, Y.-M., & Lee, J. M. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.008 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Frechette, C., & Moreno, R. (2010) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000009 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Temporal dynamics of trustworthiness perception
Dzhelyova, M. P., Perrett, D. I., & Jentzsch, I. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.043 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Trait impressions from voices are formed rapidly within 400 ms of exposure.
Mileva, M., & Lavan, N. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001325 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
A Decision-Making Perspective to Negotiation: A Review of the Past and a Look to the Future
Tsay, C., & Bazerman, M. H. (2009) · Negotiation Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1571-9979.2009.00239.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Emojis as social information in digital communication.
Erle, T. M., Schmid, K., Goslar, S. H., & Martin, J. D. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000992 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Ert, E., & Fleischer, A. (2019) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21297 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
If your device could smile: People trust happy-sounding artificial agents more
Torre, I., Goslin, J., & White, L. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.106215 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Previous work using cooperative games with Duchenne and non-Duchenne (facial) smiles have shown that people made the same decisions regardless of the type of smile (Krumhuber et al., 2007; Reed et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHumans versus Computers: Impact of Emotion Expressions on People's Decision Making
de Melo, C. M., Gratch, J. S., & Carnevale, P. J. D. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2014.2332471 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Indeed, the social effects of emotion have now been reported in negotiation [11], [12], trust games [13], ultimatum games [14], public good dilemmas [15], dispute resolution [16], and daily life [17].”
BackgroundExplaining the persistent influence of facial cues in social decision-making.
Jaeger, B., Evans, A. M., Stel, M., & van Beest, I. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000591 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Coevolution of Facial Expression and Social Tolerance in Macaques
Dobson, S. D. (2012) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.21991 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“For example, evidence from human psychology suggests that people are more likely to trust and cooperate with individuals who produce facial displays more readily, as opposed to those who are less expressive [Krumhuber et al., 2007; Shug et al., 2010].”
BackgroundThe aura of charisma: A review on the embodiment perspective as signaling
Reh, S., Quaquebeke, N. V., & Giessner, S. R. (2017) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.01.001 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The face of leadership: perceiving leaders from facial expression
Trichas, S., & Schyns, B. (2012) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.12.007 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Religion, Emotion Regulation, and Well-Being
Vishkin, A., Bigman, Y., & Tamir, M. (2014) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8950-9_13 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Handshaking promotes deal-making by signaling cooperative intent.
Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Francesca Gino, B., & Norton, M. I. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000157 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Facial expressions, for example, can influence trust (Boone & Buck, 2003; Ekman, 1993; Keltner & Haidt, 1999; Krumhuber et al., 2007; Scharlemann, Eckel, Kacelnik, & Wilson, 2001) and change immediate social attributions in trust-related contexts (Antonakis & Delgas, 2009; Ballew & Todorov, 2007; Eberhardt, Davies, Pu…”
Niedenthal, P. M., Rychlowska, M., Wood, A., & Zhao, F. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197651 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“The effect of Heterogeneity was also significant in the regression model in which Ethnic Fractionalization was replaced by the number of source countries in 2015 [31], B = .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWhen trust comes easy: Articulatory fluency increases transfers in the trust game
Zürn, M., & Topolinski, S. (2017) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2017.02.016 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Houston, L., Grandey, A., & Sawyer, K. (2018) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.10.001 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Confidence and capital raising
Huang, W., Silvio Vismara, A., & Wei, X. (2021) · Journal of Corporate Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.101900 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bao, G., Bi-xiang, X., & Zhang, Z. (2015) · Knowledge Management Research & Practice · doi:10.1057/kmrp.2015.1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“…orientation of a society or community in which individuals intend to trust strangers or unfamiliar people (Delhey & Newton, 2005), while particularized trust refers to the trust based on all sorts of specific cues or ties (Wilson & Eckel, 2006; Bohnet & Baytelman, 2007; Krumhuber et al, 2007).”
BackgroundEmbodied Impression Formation: Social Judgments and Motor Cues to Approach and Avoidance
Slepian, M. L., Young, S. G., Rule, N. O., Max Weisbuch, A., & Ambady, N. (2012) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2012.30.2.232 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“An additional core domain of person perception with clear approach/avoidance implications is the degree to which another person can be trusted (Cosmides & Tooby, 1992; Ekman, 2003; Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundThe Role of Social Context for the Interpretation of Emotional Facial Expressions
Heß, U., & Hareli, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-1934-7_7 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Mask exposure during COVID-19 changes emotional face processing
Barrick, E. M., Thornton, M. A., & Tamir, D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258470 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Qiu, L., Wang, W., & Pang, J. (2023) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2022/16300 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Vaughan, C., Trail, T. E., Mahmud, A., Dellva, S., Tanielian, T., & Friedman, E. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9895 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“These findings are not surprising in light of evidence that certain types of nonverbal cues (eg, physical warmth from touch and facial expressions such as smiling genuinely) that are present only in in-person interactions may promote the formation of trust in relationships [21,22].”
BackgroundMcKeown, G. J., Sneddon, I., & Curran, W. J. (2014) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073914544475 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“An increased role for context (Bourgeois & Hess, 2008) and temporal dynamics in interpreting smiles has been recognized (Hess & Kleck, 1990; Krumhuber et al., 2007); these factors may be even more important in ascertaining decisions of authenticity in laughter where temporal dynamics have been shown to have an importa…”
BackgroundExpression of Emotions Using Wrinkles, Blushing, Sweating and Tears
de Melo, C. M., & Gratch, J. S. (2009) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04380-2_23 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“For instance, it has been shown that subtle variations in facial dynamics can have an impact on how much people are willing to trust and cooperate with a person [31].”
BackgroundThe effects of observed decision time on expectations of extremity and cooperation
Evans, A. M., & de Calseyde, P. P. F. M. V. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.05.009 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Bujisic, M., Wu, L.-R., Mattila, A., & Bilgihan, A. (2014) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-10-2012-0181 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Facial Skin Smoothness as an Indicator of Perceived Trustworthiness and Related Traits
Tsankova, E. T., & Kappas, A. (2015) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006615616748 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Email: e.tsankova@jacobs-university.de Todorov, Said, Engell, & Oosterhof, 2008), and dynamic, that is, relating to expressions (e.g., Krumhuber et al., 2007), facial properties.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHaines, N., Southward, M. W., Cheavens, J. S., Beauchaine, T. P., & Ahn, W. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211735 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Further, facial expressions signal complex action tendencies including threat and cooperative intent [1–3].”
BackgroundInvisible expressions evoke core impressions
Laeng, B., Profeti, I., Sæther, L., Adolfsdottir, S., Lundervold, A. J., Vangberg, T., Øvervoll, M., Johnsen, S. H., & Waterloo, K. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018689 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Dzhelyova, M. P., Ellison, A., & Atkinson, A. P. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2011.21604 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Christian religious badges instill trust in Christian and non-Christian perceivers.
McCullough, M. E., Swartwout, P., Shaver, J. H., Carter, E. C., & Sosis, R. H. (2015) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000045 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The power of pupil size in establishing trust and reciprocity.
Kret, M. E., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000508 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Females Are More Sensitive to Opponent’s Emotional Feedback: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials
Chen, X., Yuan, H., Zheng, T., Chang, Y., & Luo, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00275 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“, 2004), cooperation (Krumhuber et al., 2007), and prosocial behaviors (van Doorn et al.”
BackgroundThe Influence of Emotions in Embodied Agents on Human Decision-Making
de Melo, C. M., Carnevale, P. J. D., & Gratch, J. S. (2010) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15892-6_38 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“People’s decisions in games such as the prisoner’s dilemma depend on inferences about the other player’s propensity to cooperate, and emotional displays play a central role in such inferences, at least between human players [12].”
BackgroundTrust-Oriented Partner Selection in D2D Cooperative Communications
Yan, J., Wu, D., Sanyal, S., & Wang, R. (2017) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2671404 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“some psychological researches show that the psychology structure of users can be divided into three aspects: cognition, emotion and behavior [28].”
BackgroundLeader pride and gratitude differentially impact follower trust
Ritzenhöfer, L., Brosi, P., Spörrle, M., & Welpe, I. (2017) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-08-2016-0235 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Predictive gaze cues affect face evaluations: the effect of facial emotion
Bayliss, A. P., Griffiths, D., & Tipper, S. P. (2009) · European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440802553490 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“For example, manipulating the temporal dynamics of a smile can influence trustworthiness ratings of faces such that ‘‘fake’’ smiles cause reductions in perceived trustworthiness, despite other physical aspects of the smiles being kept constant (Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
Mapping the Repertoire of Emotions and Their Communicative Functions in Face-to-face Diplomacy
Wong, S. S. (2018) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1093/isr/viy079 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Kausel, E. E., & Connolly, T. (2014) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2014.02.002 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Gobron, S., Ahn, J.-H., Paltoglou, G., Thelwall, M. A., & Thalmann, D. (2010) · The Visual Computer · doi:10.1007/s00371-010-0446-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“While dynamics plays an important part in getting arousal across, it is linked to other constructs such as how genuine an emotions is, or how trustworthy a person is [22].”
BackgroundTrust me (or not): Regret and disappointment in experimental economic games.
Martinez, L. F., & Zeelenberg, M. (2014) · Decision · doi:10.1037/dec0000025 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Neurocultural evidence that ideal affect match promotes giving
Park, B., Blevins, E., Knutson, B. D., & Tsai, J. L. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx047 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…although previous studies indicate that people give more to smiling than non-smiling recipients (Tidd and Lockard, 1978; Scharlemann et al., 2001; Krumhuber et al., 2007; Genevsky et al., 2013; Tortosa et al., 2013), research has not distinguished among different positive expressions (e.g.,…”
BackgroundFriesen, J. P., Kawakami, K., Vingilis‐Jaremko, L., Caprara, R., Sidhu, D. M., Williams, A., Hugenberg, K., Rodríguez‐Bailón, R., Cañadas, E., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000139 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Chen, C., Hensel, L. B., Duan, Y., Ince, R. A. A., Garrod, O. G. B., Beskow, J., Jack, R. E., & Schyns, P. G. (2019) · 2019 14th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2019) · doi:10.1109/fg.2019.8756570 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“A further limitation of these standardized facial expressions of emotion is that they are static and therefore do not represent the naturalistic dynamics of human facial expressions [39].”
BackgroundDynamic properties of successful smiles
Helwig, N. E., Sohre, N. E., Ruprecht, M. R., Guy, S. J., & Lyford-Pike, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179708 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Parallel Processing of Facial Expression and Head Orientation in the Macaque Brain
Taubert, J., JAPEE, S. A., Murphy, A. P., Tardiff, C. T., Koele, E., Kumar, S., Leopold, D. A., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0524-20.2020 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“For example, humans are able to detect and respond to very subtle movements of facial muscles that convey complex thoughts and intentions (Ekman, 1992; Adolphs et al., 1998; Krumhuber et al., 2007; Oosterhof and Todorov, 2009).”
BackgroundA Fake Smile Thwarts Cheater Detection
Okubo, M., Kobayashi, A., & Ishikawa, K. (2012) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-012-0134-9 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The effect of avatar facial expressions on trust building in social virtual reality
Luo, L., Weng, D., Ding, N., Hao, J., & Tu, Z. (2022) · The Visual Computer · doi:10.1007/s00371-022-02700-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Based on the previous research on facial expressions and trust games [6,7,34,35], we used three facial expression conditions:positive,neutral,andnegative.”
BackgroundMethodSensitivity to Perceived Facial Trustworthiness Is Increased by Activating Self-Protection Motives
Young, S. G., Slepian, M. L., & Sacco, D. F. (2015) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550615573329 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“In fact, faces displaying false smile are perceived as less cooperative and trustworthy than those expressing genuine smiles (Krumhuber et al., 2007) and false smiles are often displayed to hide deception (Biland, Py, Allione, Demarchi, & Abric, 2008).”
BackgroundSilva, R. R., & Topolinski, S. (2018) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21088 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Trust me: multimodal signals of trustworthiness
Lucas, G., Stratou, G., Lieblich, S., & Gratch, J. S. (2016) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/2993148.2993178 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The latter type usually co-occurs with mouth control action units [25].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCan people detect the trustworthiness of strangers based on their facial appearance?
Jaeger, B., Oud, B., Williams, T., Krumhuber, E. G., Fehr, E., & Engelmann, J. B. (2022) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.04.004 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Krumhuber, E., Manstead, A. S. R., Cosker, D., Marshall, D., Rosin, P. L., & Kappas, A.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Constructor University (DE)
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 730-735
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- OpenAlex
- W1997851048
- Cited by
- 407
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 5.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Keywords
- facial dynamics, trustworthiness, cooperation, trust game, facial expressions, social exchange, facial animation, interpersonal perception, trust decisions
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cooperative Behavior, Decision Making, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Trust
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
