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Integrating large language models into EFL writing instruction: effects on performance, self-regulated learning strategies, and motivation
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of utilizing large language models (LLMs) to enhance self-regulated learning (SRL) strategy instruction in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing. An LLM-supported Cognitive Academic Language Learning Model (CALLA-LLM) was developed and examined for its potential to improve elementary students’ EFL writing performance, SRL strategy use, and writing motivation. In a randomized controlled trial, 65 elementary school students were divided into an experimental group receiving CALLA-LLM instruction and a control group receiving traditional CALLA instruction. Both groups learned SRL strategies over 5 weeks, with data collected pre-intervention, post-intervention, and at a one-month follow-up. Results showed that the CALLA-LLM group made significant improvements in writing performance, SRL strategy use, and writing motivation, maintained most of the gains at follow-up, and significantly outperformed the control group. Findings provide empirical evidence for the efficacy of the CALLA-LLM model in enhancing EFL writing strategy instruction, lending support for integrating AI technologies such as LLMs into English language teaching. Moreover, the study underscores the importance of the “Humans in the Loop” approach, which emphasizes the essential role of human educators in AI-assisted language instruction.
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In the citing paper
“In the realm of early intervention, positive outcomes on writing performance [5], [6], self-regulated learning and motivation [6] have been reported when LLMs are systematically integrated into instruction”
In the citing paper
“Complementary studies demonstrated performance to vary as a function of model and prompt when using LLMs to evaluate ELL writing [9], non-native Japanese writing [16], and LLMs in general for automated writing evaluation [5].”
In the citing paper
“These studies used AI interventions to address common barriers such as limited teacher feedback, low student motivation for revision, or insufficient opportunities for creative expression [81-87].”
From A Systematic Review of Generative AI in K–12: Mapping Goals, Activities, Roles, and Outcomes via the 3P Model (2025) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Across writing, reading, and mathematics tasks, students repeatedly submit texts, assignments, or answers to AI systems, receive concrete suggestions on error correction, structure, and language use, and then resubmit revised work, creating a cycle of practice, feedback, and renewed practice [75,77,82,83,87,90,110].”
From A Systematic Review of Generative AI in K–12: Mapping Goals, Activities, Roles, and Outcomes via the 3P Model (2025) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Motivation gains are not guaranteed: several studies find no significant effects [109] or only short-lived novelty bumps that taper over time [82,122].”
From A Systematic Review of Generative AI in K–12: Mapping Goals, Activities, Roles, and Outcomes via the 3P Model (2025) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Teacher presence and guidance [82,107], together with personalization in AI tool design [97], are key enabling conditions.”
From A Systematic Review of Generative AI in K–12: Mapping Goals, Activities, Roles, and Outcomes via the 3P Model (2025) · cites this paper as [82]
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Alreshidi, S. M., Almutairi, A. A., Malti, W. E., Jomaa, L., Dankar, M. J., & Fawaz, M. A. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106629 · Cited by 2
An investigation of utilizing technology in English as a foreign language writing: a scoping review
Wu, X. (2026) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-026-10800-w
López, P., Redondo, R. F., Álvarez-Moreno, M., Díaz-Tejedor, R., van den Bergh, H., & Rijlaarsdam, G. (2026) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-026-10153-4
Evaluating ChatGPT’s Role in Chinese Learner’s Dictionary Compilation: A Comparative Analysis
Liu, R. (2026) · Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1515/cjal-2026-0203
“Users will likely conduct dictionary queries through question-answer human-machine interaction, which offers more natural, smooth, and precise characteristics compared with current keyword-based query methods (Liu et al., 2024).”
Shen, Y., & He, S. (2026) · International Conference on Information and Education Technology (ICIET) · doi:10.1109/iciet69664.2026.11561596 · Cited by 1
“From this perspective, AI is not viewed as an authoritative source of feedback, but as a mediational one whose impact depends on learners’ self-regulatory capacities, critical judgment, and strategic decision-making [7, 9].”
Impact of self-regulated learning on students’ English reading achievement and reading behaviour
Zou, F., & Xu, H. (2026) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.2026.2685649
Tichá, M., & Přibyl, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1875391
Sari, N. A. R. M., Maharani, I. P., Chang, C., & Wu, T. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-32115-2_33
Charly Jerome, J. (2026) · Indian Journal of Language and Linguistics · doi:10.54392/ijll2627
Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, Z.-M., Hwang, G.-J., Chen, C.-Q., Chen, X.-D., & Ye, X.-D.
- Affiliations
- East China Normal University (CN)
- National Taichung University of Education (TW)
- Department of Educational Technology, Wenzhou University
- Faculty of Education, East China Normal University
- Venue
- Computer Assisted Language Learning
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2024-08-12
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 466-490
- ISSN
- 0958-8221 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-3210
- OpenAlex
- W4401515033
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 181.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computer Assisted Language Learning (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Social Science Fund of China (BCA190089)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Education › English Language Learning and Teaching
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Keywords
- large language models, EFL writing instruction, self-regulated learning strategies, writing motivation, Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach, elementary school students, AI-assisted language learning, human-in-the-loop, writing performance
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