Designing with reused building components: some challenges

Increased cost of landfilling can act as a reuse driver because it increases the disposal cost of CDW.

“Moreover, the increased cost of landfilling can act as a reuse driver because it increases the disposal cost of CDW (Dantata et al., 2005; Gorgolewski, 2008; Chileshe et al., 2016a; Chinda and Ammarapala, 2016).”

Integrating reuse in the design process of new projects is one method to increase reuse rates by organizations.

“One method to increase the reuse rates by the organizations is through integrating reuse in the design process of new projects (Gorgolewski, 2008; Gorgolewski et al., 2008; Rogers, 2011; Tingley et al., 2017 (among others)).”

Reusing recovered components, such as structural components, to serve the same purpose has a positive impact on the success of reuse.

“Some articles advise that reusing the recovered components, such as the structural components, to serve the same purpose (for instance, similar loads) has a positive impact on the success of this intervention (Gorgolewski, 2008; Gorgolewski et al., 2008; Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014).”

Availability of information about the characteristics, details, certificates and drawings of recovered building components can positively contribute to increasing reuse rates.

“According to Gorgolewski (2008), Gorgolewski et al. (2008) and Pongiglione and Calderini (2014), the availability of information about the characteristics, details, certificates and drawings of the recovered building components can positively contribute to increasing the reuse rates as well.”

Environmental policies and green building rating systems such as BREEAM and LEED have a positive impact on reuse rates.

“The environmental policies (Chileshe et al., 2018) and green building rating systems such as Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) are reported to have a positive impact on reuse rates (Shaurette, 2006; Gorgolewski, 2008).”

A reclaimed components management coordinator and knowledge of a known list of structural components to reuse early in the design phase can potentially increase the adoption of reuse by firms.

“Also, a reclaimed components management coordinator (Gorgolewski, 2008; Tingley et al., 2017) and the knowledge of a known list of structural components to reuse early on in the design phase are recommended in order to potentially increase the adoption of reuse by the firms (Gorgolewski, 2008; Rose and Stegemann, 2018).”

Integrating reuse in contractual requirements will increase reuse rates.

“some articles suggest that by integrating reuse in the contractual requirements, reuse rates will increase (Gorgolewski, 2008; Gorgolewski et al., 2008; MacKinnon, 2000).”

Positive perception and willingness of stakeholders such as clients, designers and contractors to integrate reused components into their projects are determining.

“However, from a social perspective, positive perception and willingness of the stakeholders such as clients (Arif et al., 2012; Dunant et al., 2017, 2018; Gorgolewski, 2008; Gorgolewski et al., 2008; Sansom and Avery, 2014; Shaurette, 2006; ), designers (Dunant et al., 2017, 2018; Gorgolewski, 2008; Gorgolewski et al., 2008; Rameezdeen et al., 2016; Tingley et al., 2017) and contractors (Chileshe”

Sometimes it is required to purchase identified reused components early in the project to cope with uncertainty about the timely availability of the desired elements.

“Sometimes it is required to purchase the identified reused components early in the project (Gorgolewski, 2008; Gorgolewski et al., 2008) to cope with uncertainty about the timely availability of the desired elements (Chileshe et al., 2015; Gorgolewski et al., 2008).”

Additional charges which can increase the overall price of recovered components are cost of testing, cost of treatment of salvaged parts, cost of insurance and cost of marketing.

“Other additional charges which can increase the overall price of the recovered components are cost of testing (Dunant et al., 2018; Gorgolewski, 2008; Rameezdeen et al., 2016; Tingley et al., 2017; Yeung et al., 2015), cost of treatment of the salvaged parts (Chini and Acquaye, 2001; Dunant et al., 2018; Huuhka and Hakanen, 2015), cost of insurance (Tingley et al., 2017) and cost of marketing for”

Another economic barrier to BCR is the higher cost of design with reused components.

“Another economic barrier to the BCR is the higher cost of design with the reused components (Dunant et al., 2017; Gorgolewski, 2008; Gorgolewski et al., 2008).”

The time required for deconstruction and reuse, and the consequent project scheduling, is one of the main barriers to reuse.

“According to the reviewed articles, the time required for deconstruction and reuse, and the consequent project scheduling, is one of the main barriers to reuse (Dantata et al., 2005; Gorgolewski, 2008; Gorgolewski et al., 2008; MacKinnon, 2000; Shaurette, 2006 (among others)).”

Purchasing reused components early may raise cash flow problems and increase the overall cost of the project due to additional storage costs, which is another barrier to BCR.

“Consequently, this practise may raise cash flow problems and increase the overall cost of the project due to additional storage costs, which is another barrier to the BCR (Chinda and Ammarapala, 2016; da Rocha and Sattler, 2009; Gorgolewski, 2008; Gorgolewski et al., 2008; Yeung et al., 2015 (among others)).”

During deconstruction, more time is required to carefully remove and sort recovered building components, which increases the cost of sorting.

“During the deconstruction phase, more time is required to carefully remove and sort the recovered building components (Gorgolewski, 2008), which increases the cost of sorting (Rameezdeen et al., 2016).”

The design gap results in permanent joints, composite joints, and hard-to-access connections.

“Some outcomes of this design gap are permanent joints (welding, etc.) (Gorgolewski, 2008; Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014; Tingley et al., 2017), composite joints (Tingley et al., 2017) and hard to access connections (Tingley et al., 2017)”

Design of new buildings with reused components needs to remain flexible to accommodate alternative dimensions due to uncertainty in availability of desired sections.

“the design of the new buildings with reused building components needs to remain flexible. This is because the design should be able to accommodate alternative dimensions of the reused components due to the uncertainty in the availability of the desired sections (Gorgolewski, 2008; Gorgolewski et al., 2008).”

Unknown remaining capacity happens when information about characteristics, details, certificates and drawings of reused components are not available.

“The latter happens when the information about the characteristics, details, certificates and drawings of the reused components are not available (Gorgolewski, 2008; Gorgolewski et al., 2008; Huuhka and Hakanen, 2015; Rose and Stegemann, 2018; Tingley et al., 2017; Yeung et al., 2015).”

To secure safety, new components should be over-dimensioned, resulting in overdesigned structures.

“However, to secure the safety of such structures, the new components should be over-dimensioned, which eventually results in overdesigned structures (Brütting et al., 2019; Gorgolewski, 2008; Gorgolewski et al., 2008; Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014).”

Because deconstruction is not considered at the design stage, building components are prone to more damage during the deconstruction phase.

“Because deconstruction is not considered at the design stage, building components are prone to more damage during the deconstruction phase (Chini and Acquaye, 2001; Gorgolewski, 2008; Pongiglione and Calderini, 2014).”

If the client is motivated to use reused building components, barriers such as unwillingness of the design team or contractors can be handled effectively.

“On the other hand, according to Gorgolewski (2008), if the client is motivated to use the reused building components, the barriers such as the unwillingness of the design team (Chileshe et al., 2015; Rameezdeen et al., 2016) or the contractors (Gorgolewski, 2008) can be handled effectively.”

Educating stakeholders on the advantages of deconstruction and reuse could be an effective measure to cope with some social resistance against reuse.

“Therefore, educating the stakeholders on the advantages of deconstruction and reuse, as identified by Chileshe et al. (2015) and Gorgolewski (2008), could be an effective measure to cope with some of the social resistance against reuse.”

Construction sector's resistance against reuse stems from potential risks perceived by stakeholders during deconstruction or while using recovered building components.

“Another reason for this negative perception, and, at a larger scale, the construction sector’s resistance against reuse (Durão et al., 2014; Gorgolewski, 2008; Rameezdeen et al., 2016; Tingley et al., 2017), stems from the potential risks perceived by the stakeholders during deconstruction or while using the recovered building components (Chileshe et al., 2015; Dunant et al., 2017; Gorgolewski, 20”

While choosing deconstruction improves supply of reused components, due to perceived economic and programming reasons, it is not yet a preferred option among contractors.

“Gorgolewski (2008) argues that while choosing deconstruction to remove the existing buildings improves the supply of the reused components, due to the perceived economic and programming reasons, it is not yet a preferred option among the contractors (Gorgolewski, 2008).”

Existing regulations do not support deconstruction and reuse.

“One of the challenges ahead of reuse is that the existing regulations do not support deconstruction and reuse (Chileshe et al., 2015, 2016b; Gorgolewski, 2008, Hglmeier et al., 2013; Huuhka and Hakanen, 2015; Huuhka et al., 2015; Rameezdeen et al., 2016 (among others)).”

Perceptions of clients, contractors and designers have a higher impact on successful integration of recovered components into a new building.

“Among the stakeholders, the perceptions of clients (Chileshe et al., 2015; da Rocha and Sattler, 2009; Dunant et al., 2017; Rose and Stegemann, 2018), contractors (Gorgolewski, 2008; Shaurette, 2006) and designers (Gorgolewski, 2008) have a higher impact on the successful integration of recovered components into a new building.”

Stakeholders are unaware of the full benefits of deconstruction and reuse.

“One reason for such reluctance is because the stakeholders are unaware of the full benefits of deconstruction and reuse (Chileshe et al., 2015, 2016b; Gorgolewski, 2008; Huuhka and Hakanen, 2015; Rameezdeen et al., 2016).”

Lack of skills, experience, and knowledge in deconstruction, salvage and using reused components negatively affects reuse of building components.

“According to the literature, the lack of skills, experience, and knowledge in deconstruction, salvage and using reused components negatively affect the reuse of the building components (Chileshe et al., 2015, 2016b; Gorgolewski, 2008, Shaurette, 2006, Yeung et al., 2015).”

Lack of space for storage results in transportation and storage of recovered components at a different location and increases overall cost of reused elements.

“This lack of space for storage (Chinda and Ammarapala, 2016; Dunant et al., 2017, 2018; Gorgolewski, 2008; Rose and Stegemann, 2018; Shaurette, 2006) results in the transportation and storage of the recovered components at a different location and would increase the overall cost of the reused elements.”

Lack of procedures to evaluate and guarantee performance of reused components, and existing codes, standards and procedures not considering BCR, further decrease the reuse rate in construction.

“Therefore, the lack of procedures to evaluate and guarantee the performance of reused components (Shaurette, 2006, Tingley et al., 2017), and the fact that the existing codes, standards and procedures do not consider BCR (Gorgolewski, 2008; Huuhka and Hakanen, 2015; Rameezdeen et al., 2016; Tingley et al., 2017), further decrease the reuse rate in construction.”