The role of marginalised women in sanitation initiatives: Somali women in northern Kenya.

General safety concerns were widely noted, including feeling unsafe collecting water or using sanitation facilities at night, and when toilets lack doors, locks, lighting, or are far; safety issues were particularly intense for adolescent girls, young women, and minorities.

“General safety concerns were widely noted, [100, 119, 123, 139, 143, 147, 171, 177, 182, 186, 188, 191, 201, 202, 223, 226-229, 233, 238, 240, 241, 251, 255, 257] including feeling unsafe collecting water, [100, 119, 177] or using sanitation facilities at night, [168, 171, 190, 229, 255-257] and when toilets lack doors, locks, lighting, or are far [171, 190, 214, 223, 239-241, 252, 255].Safety”

Fear and experiences of sexual violence were reported by women and girls who had to leave home for water and sanitation needs; women openly defecating were particularly vulnerable to non-partner sexual violence compared to those using latrines.

“Fear and experiences of sexual violence were reported by women and girls who had to leave home for water and sanitation needs (_((((xxx))))_)[70, 76, 108, 123, 135, 143, 153, 171, 173-175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 184, 186-189, 191, 198, 214, 231, 233, 238-240, 255, 258, 259, 261, 265, 268-270] Research from India, [181, 268] Kenya, [269] and Nigeria [70] found women openly defecating were particularly”

Fears or experiences of harm from domestic and wild animals and insects were reported for both water collection and sanitation activities; women and girls reported fear and actual experiences of injury at and when accessing sanitation locations, regardless of sanitation type.

“Fears or experiences of harm from domestic and wild animals and insects were reported for both water collection and sanitation activities [62, 135, 143, 170, 172-174, 177-179, 184, 187, 189-191, 198, 201, 214, 226, 229, 257, 258, 296].Women and girls reported fear and actual experiences of injury at and when accessing sanitation locations, regardless of sanitation type [135, 168, 172, 174, 184, 18”

Women and girls feared, risked, or experienced varied harms related to their water and sanitation circumstances and activities, with water fetching related harms in particular resulting in serious and long-term consequences, including general and localized pain, headaches and head injury, and injury from falls, trucks, and/or car accidents.

“Women and girls feared, risked, or experienced, varied harms related to their water and sanitation circumstances and activities (_((((xxx))))_)[62, 63, 78, 90, 101, 135, 141, 143, 144, 158, 168-170, 172-174, 177-179, 181, 182, 184, 186, 187, 189-191, 197-199, 201, 214, 226, 231, 244, 257, 258, 261, 276, 277, 296].Many noted exacerbated”

Women did so to avoid harassment from community members when going to latrines and open defecation sites after dark.

“and to avoid harassment from community members when going to latrines and open defecation sites after dark [135,143,168,182,190,228,238].”

In sanitation planning initiatives in Kenya, a man justified women's exclusion from participation in the sanitation initiatives stating, women's brains were 'like that of a child.'

“In sanitation planning initiatives in Kenya, a man justified women's exclusion from participation in the sanitation initiatives stating, women's brains were”