Conspicuous practice: self-surveillance and commodification in English education
Open accessAbstract
Teachers in England have always been watched; only more recently have they been surveilled, with senior leaders, peers, students and stakeholders all collecting performance data. Yet surveillance in schools and colleges increasingly relies on watching the self, with teachers voluntarily participating in their own surveillance, making their practice visible for easy consumption by interested parties. This article builds on previous work on the surveillance of teachers to argue that this ‘conspicuous practice’ represents a convergence of surveillance and consumerism, with teachers being recreated as commodities and their own marketing agent, embodying the entrepreneurial self to maximise employability. Through social media such as Twitter and LinkedIn to exploiting open plan learning spaces, teachers engage in conspicuous practice for three main reasons: from fear, to avoid sanction; as a result of acculturation into commodified environments; as a means of routine resistance, employing the dramaturgical self for personal gain, to avoid work or re-appropriate professionalism.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Haggerty, K. D., & Ericson, R. V. (2000) · The British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1080/00071310020015280 · Cited by 2,244 · see citing works
Gabriel, Y., & Lang, T. (2006) · doi:10.4135/9781446213049 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 47
- Aldridge, A. (2003) Consumption. Cambridge: Polity Press
- Ball, S.J. and Olmedo, A., (2013) Care of the self, resistance and subjectivity under neoliberal governmentalities. Critical Studies in Education, 54 (1), 85-96
- Barker, J. R. (1993) Tightening the iron cage: concertive control in self-managing teams, Administrative Science Quarterly, 38 (3), 408-437
- Barry, J., Chandler, J. and Clark, H. (2001) Between the ivory tower and the academic assembly line, Journal of Management Studies, 38 (1), 87-101
- Bauman, Z. (2004) Europe. Cambridge: Polity Press
- Bauman, Z. (2007) Consuming life. Cambridge: Polity Press
- Bauman, Z. and Lyon, D. (2013) Liquid Surveillance. Cambridge: Polity Press
- Beck, U. (1992) Risk society: Towards a new modernity (Vol. 17). New York: Sage
- Bleakley, A. (1999) From reflective practice to holistic reflexivity, Studies in Higher Education, 24 (3), 315-330
- Casey, C. (1995) Work, Self and Society after Industrialism. London: Routledge
- Clegg, S. (1999) Professional education, reflective practice and feminism, International Journal of Inclusive Education 3(2), 167-179
- Collinson, D. (2003) Identities and insecurities: selves at work, Organization, 10 (3), 527-547
- Crozier, G. (1999) Parental involvement: who wants it? International Studies in Sociology of Education, 9 (3), 219-238
- Davies, B. and Bansel, P. (2007) Neoliberalism and education, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 20 (3), 247-259
- De Certeau, M (1984) The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press
- Fleming, P. and Sewell, G. (2002) 'Looking for the good soldier, Svejk: alternative modalities of resistance in the contemporary workplace', Sociology, 36 (4), 857-873
- Foucault, M. (1991) Discipline and punish -the birth of the prison. London: Penguin
- Giddens, A. (1991) The consequences of modernity. Cambridge: Polity
- Goffman, E (1974) The presentation of Self in Everyday Life. London: Penguin
- Hassrick, E. M., and Schneider, B. (2009) Parent surveillance in schools: A question of social Class, American Journal of Education, 115 (2), 195-225
- Hudson, I. and Hudson, M. (2003) Removing the veil? Commodity fetishism, fair trade, and the environment, Organization & Environment, 16 (4), 413-430
- Jones, A. (2004) Risk anxiety, policy, and the spectre of sexual abuse in early childhood Education, Discourse: studies in the cultural politics of education, 25 (3), 321-334
- Kroener, I. and Neyland, D. (2014) New technologies, security and surveillance. In K. Ball, K. Haggerty and D. Lyon (Eds) Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Studies. Oxon: Routledge
- Lake, R. and Carter, P. (2011) Neoliberalism and education: an introduction, Educational Studies: A Journal of the American Educational Studies Association, 47(2), 107-110
- Leary, M.R. and Kowalski, R.M. (1990) Impression management: A literature review and two-component model, Psychological bulletin, 107(1), 34-47
- Lee, V. and Ready, D. (2007) Schools Within Schools: Possibilities and Pitfalls of High School Reform. New York: Teachers College Press
- Lee, A., and Cook, P. S. (2014) The conditions of exposure and immediacy: Internet surveillance and Generation Y, Journal of Sociology, Online First DOI:1440783314522870.14/01/15
- Locke, J. L. (2010) Eavesdropping: An Intimate History. Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Lyon, D. (2003) Surveillance as social sorting. In D. Lyon (Ed) Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk and Digital Discrimination. London: Routledge
- Lyon, D. (2006) The search for surveillance theories. In D. Lyon (Ed) Theorizing Surveillance. London: Routledge
- Lyon, D. (2010) Liquid Surveillance: The Contribution of Zygmunt Bauman to Surveillance Studies, International Political Sociology 4(4), 325-338
- Lyon, D., Haggerty, K. and Ball, K. (2014) Introducing surveillance studies. In K. Ball, K. Haggerty and D. Lyon (Eds) Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Studies. Oxon: Routledge
- Mathiesen, T. (1997) The viewer society: Michel Foucault's panopticon revisited, Theoretical Criminology, 1(2), 215-234
- McCraken, G. (1990) Culture and Consumption. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press
- Page, D. (2014a) Managing serious teacher misbehaviour, School Leadership and Management, 34(3), 269-283
- Page, D. (2014b) Desirable organisational masculinities: competition and entrepreneurialism in schools of construction in further education colleges, British Journal of Sociology of Education, 35(6), 895-913
- Page, D. (2015) The visibility and invisibility of performance management in schools, British Educational Research Journal, 41(6), 1031-1049
- Page, D. (2016a) Conceptualising the surveillance of teachers. British Journal of Sociology of Education (online first) http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01425692.2016.1218752?journalCode= cbse20 Page, D. (2016b) The multiple impacts of teacher misbehavior, Journal of Education Administration 54 (1), 2-18 · DOI
- Page, D. (2017) The surveillance of teachers and the simulation of teaching. Journal of Education Policy 32 (1): 1-13
- Piper, H., and Smith, H. (2003) 'Touch' in educational and child care settings: dilemmas and Responses, British Educational Research Journal, 29(6), 879-894
- Prasad A. and Prasad, P. (1998) Everyday struggles at the workplace: the nature and implications of routine resistance in contemporary organizations, Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 15(2), 225-257
- Rule, J. (2007) Social control and modern social structure. In S. Hier and J. Greenberg (Eds) The Surveillance Studies Reader. Berkshire: Open University Press
- Rutherford, J. (1990) A place called home: identity and the cultural politics of difference, in J. Rutherford (ed.) Identity: Community, Culture, Difference. London: Lawrence and Wishart Sachs, J. (2004) Watching yourself and others: touch, personal space and risk of harm in the Classroom, paper presented at the AARE Annual Conference, Melbourne, 2004
- Shakeshaft, C. (2013) Know the warning signs of educator sexual misconduct, Phi Delta Kappan 94(5), 8-13
- Singh, V. (2001) Impression management, commitment and gender: managing others' good Opinions, European Management Journal, 19(2), 183-194
- Singlehurst, D., Russell, J., and Greenhalgh, T. (2008) Peer observation of teaching in the online environment: an action research approach, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24(5), 383-393
- Smith, G.J.D. (2014) Surveillance work(ers). In K. Ball, K. Haggerty and D. Lyon (Eds) Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Studies. Oxon: Routledge
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The academic as consumed and consumer
Page, D. (2020) · Journal of Education Policy · doi:10.1080/02680939.2019.1598585 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationRevisiting Foucault’s panopticon: how does AI surveillance transform educational norms?
Dai, R., Thomas, M. K. E., & Rawolle, S. (2025) · British Journal of Sociology of Education · doi:10.1080/01425692.2025.2501118 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Page, D.
- Affiliations
- Leeds Beckett University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Page, Damien
- ORCID
- Page, Damien
- Venue
- International Studies in Sociology of Education
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-10-23
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 375-390
- ISSN
- 0962-0214 (ISSN-L)
- 1747-5066
- OpenAlex
- W2765934673
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 17.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- International Studies in Sociology of Education (publishedVersion)
- Leeds Beckett Repository (Leeds Beckett University) (submittedVersion)
- Bucks New University Repository (Bucks New University) (submittedVersion)
- Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Global Educational Policies and Reforms
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Educational Assessment and Improvement
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Education, sociology, and vocational training
- Keywords
- self-surveillance, conspicuous consumption, teacher professionalism, teacher employability, social media in teaching, resistance to surveillance, performance data, English schools
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review