The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Engagement with language: interrogating a construct
Open accessAbstract
In ‘Language awareness and language learning’ (Svalberg, 2007 Svalberg, A. M.-L. 2007. Language awareness and language learning. Language Teaching, 40(4): 287–308. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) I concluded that the otherwise diverse and multidisciplinary field of language awareness (LA) is given coherence by its focus on engagement with language. I argued that LA is seen as active and not merely as a state of conscious awareness or sensitivity. This paper goes one step further by developing and testing the construct. It discusses what engagement with language might consist of and contrasts with and how it can be identified. Cognitive, social, and affective aspects of engagement, including notions such as attention, autonomy, and agency, are posited. Having arrived at first at a working definition and then an expanded and refined definition, the construct is applied to some classroom and student interview data. Some tentative conclusions about English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) students' engagement with language, what motivates, facilitates, and hinders it, are drawn. The main purpose of the paper is, however, to try and determine the usefulness or otherwise of the construct as such, how it relates to other constructs in the literature, and where it might be taken in future research.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Svalberg's suggested model of 'engagement with language' does not make reference to behavior, but it does incorporate the possibility of cognitive, social, and affective facets, noting that 'in addition to its cognitive aspects [engagement with language] crucially involves a range of social and affective phenomena' (Svalberg, 2009, p. 243). While she does not specify engagement as multidimensional”
From Exploring Engagement in Tasks in the Language Classroom (2016) · cites this paper as Svalberg, 2009
Citations
Cites
(1985) · Cited by 4,527
Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning
Lantolf, J. P. (2013) · Cited by 3,852
Social Identity, Investment, and Language Learning
Peirce, B. N. (1995) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3587803 · Cited by 2,877
Ahearn, L. M. (2001) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.109 · Cited by 2,083
Autonomy and foreign language learning
Holec, H. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,784
Chaos/Complexity Science and Second Language Acquisition
LARSEN-FREEMAN, D. (1997) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/18.2.141 · Cited by 1,484
Motivation, Language Identity and the L2 Self
Dörnyei, Z., & Ushioda, E. (2009) · Multilingual Matters eBooks · doi:10.2307/jj.30945943 · Cited by 1,413
From communication to curriculum
Barnes, D. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,305
Dörnyei, Z. (2003) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/1467-9922.53222 · Cited by 991
Language Learner Autonomy: Some Fundamental Considerations Revisited
Little, D. (2007) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.2167/illt040.0 · Cited by 572
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Armstrong, K. and Svalberg, A. M.L. Implementing the Adult ESOL Core Curriculum; subversion and compliance. Paper presented at Interrogating Third Spaces Conference (ITS 2005). University of Leicester, UK.
- Swain, M. Languaging, agency and collaboration in second language learning. Plenary address at BAAL Language Learning and Teaching SIG Conference: Language Use, Language Processing and Language Learning. April, University of Southampton, UK.
- Willis J., 1992, Advances in spoken discourse, 162
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 404
Svalberg, A. M. ‐. (2012) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2011.639886 · Cited by 17
Self-citationTracking learner engagement in the L2 classroom with experience sampling
Reinders, H., Lee, B., & Bonner, E. (2023) · Research Methods in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1016/j.rmal.2023.100052 · Cited by 16
Lo, S. (2023) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2023.2219711 · Cited by 21
EFL writers’ cognitive engagement with AWE feedback
Gießler, R. (2023) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2023.2269088 · Cited by 16
Soongpankhao, W., Aubrey, S., & Lambert, C. (2023) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2023.103184 · Cited by 19
Investigating Language Awareness: The Role of Terminology
Berry, R. (2013) · Second language learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00461-7_2 · Cited by 16
EFL Teachers' Apprehension and L2 Students' Classroom Engagement
Li, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.758629 · Cited by 19
Svalberg, A. M. ‐., & Askham, J. (2014) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2013.863897 · Cited by 16
Self-citationAbdollahzadeh, E., Farsani, M. A., & Zandi, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.944650 · Cited by 15
‘Educational Landscaping’: a method for raising awareness about language and communication
Scarvaglieri, C. (2017) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2017.1411358 · Cited by 15
Exploring the “At-Risk” Student Label Through the Perspectives of Higher Education Professionals
Dix, N., Lail, A. J., Birnbaum, M., & Paris, J. H. (2020) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2020.3371 · Cited by 22
Yang, X., & Hu, J. (2023) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2023.2207564 · Cited by 14
Exploring learner engagement with languages (LX) within and beyond the English classroom
Sulis, G. (2023) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688231216869 · Cited by 19
Li, J., Chen, M., & Zheng, Q. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103237 · Cited by 17
Pham, T. T. T., Nguyen, L. A. D., Dang, H. M., & Le, T. T. P. (2024) · Proceedings of the AsiaCALL International Conference · doi:10.54855/paic.23410 · Cited by 28
Introduction to the Dynamic Interplay between Context and the Language Learner
King, J. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137457134_1 · Cited by 14
Svalberg, A. M. ‐., & Askham, J. (2020) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2020.1785483 · Cited by 15
Self-citationZhao, X., Liu, G., Liu, E., & Shirvan, M. E. (2025) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2025.2539922 · Cited by 13
L2 task engagement: A research agenda
Hiver, P. V., Dao, P., & Yamazaki, J. S. (2025) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444825101043 · Cited by 21
Patterns of behavioral engagement in an online english language course: cluster analysis
Labrović, J. A., Petrović, N., Anđelković, J., & Meršnik, M. (2023) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-023-09382-1 · Cited by 17
Liu, X., Zhou, M., & Ji-dong, G. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231212725 · Cited by 24
Azkarai, A., & Calzada, A. (2024) · Classroom Discourse · doi:10.1080/19463014.2024.2321343 · Cited by 13
Wang, M. (2024) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125241272672 · Cited by 20
Xue, Z., Huang, Y., & Liu, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Chinese Education · doi:10.1177/2212585x221097718 · Cited by 20
Alqarni, N. A. (2023) · Saudi Journal of Language Studies · doi:10.1108/sjls-12-2022-0084 · Cited by 13
Kearney, E., & Barbour, A. (2015) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/j.linged.2015.07.005 · Cited by 12
Communicative task engagement in second language learning and teaching: a scoping review
Qiu, X. (2025) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2025.2502733 · Cited by 14
Teravainen‐Goff, A. (2022) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2022.102955 · Cited by 12
A review of learner motivation and engagement research in task-based language teaching
Namkung, Y., & Kim, Y. (2024) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.16.07nam · Cited by 12
Wang, H., Patterson, M. M., & Long, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1416095 · Cited by 12
A review of classroom environment on student engagement in English as a foreign language learning
Ye, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1415829 · Cited by 46
Machin, E. A.-M. (2020) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168820928565 · Cited by 13
Andersen, L. K. (2024) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12912 · Cited by 14
Regulatory focus and fit effects on task engagement: An experimental study
Papi, M., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., Kim, C. J., Mahbodi, M., Eom, M., & Jiang, C. (2025) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amaf035 · Cited by 11
Ellis, R. (2024) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.16.12ell · Cited by 11
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.010 · Cited by 11
Huang, J., Mizumoto, A., & Huang, Y. L. (2025) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.70020 · Cited by 14
Vo, H. (2024) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amae012 · Cited by 10
Exploring task engagement strategies in DDL-enhanced tasks: Insights from EFL learners
Zare, J., & Al‐Issa, A. (2024) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2024.102299 · Cited by 11
Zhi-jie, W., Zhao, Q., & Ma, Y. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103548 · Cited by 11
The predictive role of L2 learners’ resilience in language classroom engagement
Alahmari, A., & Alrabai, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1502420 · Cited by 15
Dao, P., Hiver, P. V., Nguyen, M. X. N. C., Jianing, E., & Yang, Z. (2025) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688251367856 · Cited by 10
Understanding students’ engagement with a Serious Game to learn English: A sociocultural perspective
Aguilar-Cruz, P. J. (2022) · International Journal of Serious Games · doi:10.17083/ijsg.v9i4.554 · Cited by 10
L2 Learners’ Engagement with Direct Written Corrective Feedback in First- Year Composition Courses
Uscinski, I. (2017) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) · Cited by 10
Wang, S. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241227707 · Cited by 9
Public primary school teachers’ perceptions and assessment of young learners’ engagement
Dao, P., Bui, T. L. D., & Nguyen, M. X. N. C. (2024) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688241253546 · Cited by 16
A bibliometric and content analysis of student engagement research in English language teaching
Hınız, G., & Çelik, Ö. (2024) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2024.2367970 · Cited by 15
Self-regulated learning and task engagement: a SEM analysis
Derakhshan, A., & Zare, J. (2024) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2024-0009 · Cited by 12
Development and Validation of the Interpreting Learning Engagement Scale (ILES)
Yu, W., & Wu, C. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15010016 · Cited by 11
English language learners’ visualization of identities in transformation in an imagined world
Ahn, S.-Y. (2021) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2021.1933507 · Cited by 9
Savić, M., Myrset, A., & Economidou‐Kogetsidis, M. (2022) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2022.2088444 · Cited by 9
Alzaanin, E. (2022) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2023.5996 · Cited by 9
Language awareness as a challenge for business
Hünerberg, R., & Geile, A. (2012) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2011.639895 · Cited by 9
The Effect of Students' Engagement on Their Learning Achievement in EFL Online Courses
Alshammarı, S. H., & Alrashidi, O. (2024) · International Journal of Online Pedagogy and Course Design · doi:10.4018/ijopcd.357875 · Cited by 8
Young learners’ online engagement: exploring learners’ and teachers’ perspectives
Yuan, Y., & Dao, P. (2025) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2025.2502427 · Cited by 11
The link between learner engagement and self‐regulation. A multiple case study
Mystkowska‐Wiertelak, A., & Bielak, J. (2023) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.12530 · Cited by 12
Li, Z., Dai, Z., Li, J., & Guan, P. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104772 · Cited by 13
Journey to the unexplored world: an English Learner’s L2 reader-response journals
Shin, J. (2019) · Pedagogies An International Journal · doi:10.1080/1554480x.2019.1625268 · Cited by 8
Zabihi, R. (2020) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2020.1795913 · Cited by 8
Limited aspects of reality: Frames of reference in language assessment
Fulcher, G., & Svalberg, A. M. ‐. (2013) · International Journal of English Studies · doi:10.6018/ijes.13.2.184061 · Cited by 8
Self-citationPre-service English Teachers’ Reticent Beliefs Towards Oral Participation in EAP Classrooms
Shing, S. R., & Goh, H. S. (2017) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-017-0336-3 · Cited by 8
English foreign language teachers’ beliefs about adult learners’ engagement
Acosta-Manzano, I., & Mercer, S. (2024) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2024.2370977 · Cited by 10
DIDATTICA PROCESS DRAMA: PRINCIPI DI BASE, ESTETICA E COINVOLGIMENTO
Piazzoli, E. (2011) · Riviste UNIMI (Università degli studi di Milano) · doi:10.13130/2037-3597/1243 · Cited by 7
The Status of English in Morocco: Lessons from Spontaneous Debates in Social Media
Bouziane, A., & Saoudi, M. (2021) · English Studies at NBU · doi:10.33919/esnbu.21.2.4 · Cited by 9
Mapping tense form and meaning for L2 learning – From theory to practice
Svalberg, A. M. ‐. (2018) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2016-0105 · Cited by 7
Self-citationLinguistic Landscapes and Additional Language Development
Roos, J., & Nicholas, H. (2019) · doi:10.1002/9781119472384.ch16 · Cited by 7
Enhancing creative writing through AI-powered co-creation with cognitive and emotional outcomes
Cen, X., & Shakibaei, G. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-34416-2 · Cited by 12
Ngô, Đ. H. (2022) · International Journal of TESOL & Education · doi:10.54855/ijte.22236 · Cited by 6
Dang, T. T. D. (2016) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v9n5p141 · Cited by 6
Task engagement in virtual pedagogical lingua franca communication
Gijsen, L. (2021) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/1052 · Cited by 7
Andersen, L. K. (2020) · doi:10.7146/aul.361 · Cited by 6
Nakamura, S. (2025) · ELT Journal · doi:10.1093/elt/ccaf002 · Cited by 5
Self‐Efficacy and Engagement in L2 Writing: A Structural Equation Modelling Perspective
Zare, J., Derakhshan, A., & Ranjbaran, F. (2025) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70255 · Cited by 8
Chu, X., & Li, Y. (2025) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2601294 · Cited by 6
Mystkowska‐Wiertelak, A., & Bielak, J. (2023) · English language education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28655-1_10 · Cited by 7
Students' perezhivaniya and engagement in English language learning
Ng, C. (2024) · Learning Culture and Social Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.lcsi.2024.100819 · Cited by 5
Wu, J. G., Miller, L., & Teng, M. F. (2025) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.12712 · Cited by 8
Engagement with technology: Gaming, immersion and sub-optimal experiences
Henry, A., & Thorsén, C. (2019) · Technology in Language Teaching & Learning · doi:10.29140/tltl.v1n2.202 · Cited by 5
Case, S., Lorenzo-Dus, N., & Morton, R. (2021) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370821996850 · Cited by 5
Enhancing Language Learning Engagement through Critical Literacy Practices
Arias, A. Y. P., Rodríguez, M. A. T., & Mosquera, L. H. (2022) · Lenguaje · doi:10.25100/lenguaje.v50i1.11085 · Cited by 5
Teachers’ Reflection of Students’ Engagement in Online Language Learning: Multi-case Study
Shlowiy, A. A. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Methodology · doi:10.12973/ijem.8.2.285 · Cited by 5
Wang, T., Xue, Z., & Wang-Bramlett, D. (2022) · International Journal of Chinese Education · doi:10.1177/2212585x221117579 · Cited by 8
Svalberg, A. M. ‐., & Askham, J. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137457134_10 · Cited by 5
Self-citationCacchiani, S. (2017) · Corpus Pragmatics · doi:10.1007/s41701-017-0019-6 · Cited by 5
Ruivivar, J. (2020) · Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes · doi:10.3138/cmlr-2019-0059 · Cited by 5
Methodology of Task-Based Language Teaching
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.013 · Cited by 6
Student Engagement in English Language Classes: An Evaluative Study
Mekki, O. M., Ismail, A. M., & Ahmed, D. M. H. (2022) · Sohag University International Journal of Educational Research (SUIJER) /Sohag University International Journal of Educational Research (SUIJER) · doi:10.21608/suijer.2022.253735 · Cited by 11
Influence of mobile technology and smart classroom environment on learning engagement
Peng, B. (2023) · Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering · doi:10.3233/jcm-226827 · Cited by 5
Promoting Learner Engagement in a Large University-Level ESL Class in Pakistan
Khurram, B. A. (2018) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-53104-9_4 · Cited by 5
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108643689.009 · Cited by 5
Metacognitive instruction in technology-mediated TBLT: An exploratory study of learners’ engagement
Ziegler, N., Issa, B. I., Bowden, H. W., & Moranski, K. (2025) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103804 · Cited by 4
EFL students’ engagement in machine translation-assisted writing: Scale development and validation
Yuasa, M., & Takeuchi, O. (2025) · Research Methods in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1016/j.rmal.2025.100260 · Cited by 4
Farhang, A., & Papi, M. (2025) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2025.2584372 · Cited by 4
Sulis, G., & Mercer, S. (2026) · System (Linköping) · doi:10.1016/j.system.2026.104034 · Cited by 8
A Mixed-Methods Approach to Students’ Engagement in English Learning in the Chinese Context
Xu, Y., & Liu, H. (2024) · European Journal of English Language Studies · doi:10.12973/ejels.4.1.1 · Cited by 4
Jiang, A. L., Ke, S., Liang, J., Jin, Y., & Zhang, S. (2025) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125251325588 · Cited by 7
On the role of the interlocutor in second language development
Philp, J., & Gurzynski‐Weiss, L. (2020) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.53.02phi · Cited by 4
Learner Engagement in the Tertiary EFL Classroom: Trajectories and Contributing Factors
Guo, Y., Jinfen, X., & Chen, C. (2025) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-025-00988-w · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Svalberg, A. M.-L.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Svalberg, Agneta Marie-Louise
- Venue
- Language Awareness
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-10-21
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 242-258
- ISSN
- 0965-8416 (ISSN-L)
- 1747-7565
- OpenAlex
- W1966123699
- Cited by
- 405
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 31.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Language Awareness (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Second Language Learning and Teaching
- Keywords
- construct definition, language learning, cognitive engagement, social engagement, emotional engagement, learner autonomy, learner agency, attention, ESL learners, motivation, second language acquisition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review