Comparative capitalism and emerging economies: formal-informal economy interlockages and implications for institutional analysis
Abstract
Research in comparative capitalism has seen an increasing interest in emerging economies and has made attempts at integrating the informal economy as a distinct and significant feature of the institutional configuration and reproduction of contemporary capitalisms. The way this has been achieved, however, is problematic as it has mainly worked with a dualist notion of the formal and informal economies, thereby making it difficult to conceptualise any interlinkages. This article argues that the relation between the formal and informal economies needs to be conceptualised as an interlocking one in order to analyse the constitutive place the informal economy has in the dynamics of formal institutions as well as the overall institutional configuration of emerging capitalisms. A focus on interlockages helps in conceptualising diversity, by bringing the heterogeneity of social relations within the formal and informal economies to the fore. This focus also allows for a more nuanced understanding of the distribution of resources across institutions and actors, and how change is shaped by struggles within specific interlocking configurations. India serves as a useful example in this respect insofar as the centrality of the informal economy to Indian capitalism can be shown to be due to the specific interlockages as opposed to the, probably more eye catching, size of its informal economy.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Rooted in unsustainable and inequitable socioecological dynamics, the industrial agri-food model is a key driver of planetary health crises.
“Rooted in unsustainable and inequitable socioecological dynamics, the industrial agri-food model is a key driver of planetary health crises.”
From Bridging Sectors and Disciplines to Gain a Critical Understanding of the Eco-Social Determinants of Health Inequities: The ESDHI-EU Conference (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
The mainstream food system exacerbates climate change, resource scarcity, ecosystem degradation, and biodiversity decline, resulting in poor health outcomes.
“The mainstream food system exacerbates climate change, resource scarcity, ecosystem degradation, and biodiversity decline, resulting in poor health outcomes (53, 62).”
From Bridging Sectors and Disciplines to Gain a Critical Understanding of the Eco-Social Determinants of Health Inequities: The ESDHI-EU Conference (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
Energy crises, food system crises, and exceeding planetary boundaries are key manifestations of eco-social crises, with significant effects on health inequities.
“Energy crises, food system crises, and exceeding planetary boundaries are key manifestations of eco-social crises, with significant effects on health inequities (52-54).”
From Bridging Sectors and Disciplines to Gain a Critical Understanding of the Eco-Social Determinants of Health Inequities: The ESDHI-EU Conference (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
Cites
Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness
Granovetter, M. (1985) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/228311 · Cited by 28,745 · see citing works
Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana
Hart, K. (1973) · The Journal of Modern African Studies · doi:10.1017/s0022278x00008089 · Cited by 3,224 · see citing works
An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism
(2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199247757.003.0001 · Cited by 3,184 · see citing works
Precarious work, insecure workers: Employment relations in transition
Kalleberg, A. L. (2009) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240907400101 · Cited by 2,998 · see citing works
Whitley, R. D. (1999) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198293965.001.0001 · Cited by 2,571 · see citing works
8 The Precariat The New Dangerous Class?
Trifonova, T. (2025) · Amsterdam University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9789048560660-009 · Cited by 2,106 · see citing works
Standing, G. (2011) · Bloomsbury Publishing Plc eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781849664554 · Cited by 2,015 · see citing works
The other path: the invisible revolution in the third world
(1990) · Futures · doi:10.1016/0016-3287(90)90116-y · Cited by 1,985 · see citing works
Divergent Capitalisms: The Social Structuring and Change of Business Systems
Whitley, R. D. (1999) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 1,692 · see citing works
Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis
Aoki, M. (2001) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/6867.001.0001 · Cited by 1,480 · see citing works
(1997) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174701 · Cited by 1,368 · see citing works
Bouton, M. M. (2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim210030087 · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World1
Hirschowitz, R. (1989) · South African Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1813-6982.1989.tb00208.x · Cited by 1,218 · see citing works
Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis
Aoki, M. (2002) · Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics JITE · doi:10.1628/0932456022975150 · Cited by 1,195 · see citing works
Jackson, G., & Deeg, R. (2008) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400375 · Cited by 920 · see citing works
Capitalist Diversity and Change
Crouch, C. F. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286652.001.0001 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Sanyal, K. (2007) · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Political Economy of Modern Capitalism: Mapping Convergence and Diversity
Crouch, C. F., & Streeck, W. (1997) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446217849 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Breman, J. (1996) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139171076 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Towards a more dynamic theory of capitalist variety
Deeg, R., & Jackson, G. (2006) · Socio-Economic Review · doi:10.1093/ser/mwl021 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Hierarchical Capitalism in Latin America
Schneider, B. R. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107300446 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Rethinking the Informal Economy
Chen, M. A. (2007) · DESA Working paper · doi:10.18356/0634a775-en · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Informal Labor, Formal Politics, and Dignified Discontent in India
Agarwala, R. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139198738 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Witt, M. A., & Redding, G. (2013) · Socio-Economic Review · doi:10.1093/ser/mwt002 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
A variety of capitalism … with Chinese characteristics?
Peck, J., & Jun, Z. (2013) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbs058 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Employment, incomes and equality: A strategy for increasing productive employment in Kenya
Sabot, R. H. (1973) · World Development · doi:10.1016/0305-750x(73)90150-2 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
‘Labour Chains’: Analysing the Role of Labour Contractors in Global Production Networks
Barrientos, S. (2013) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2013.780040 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Japan remodeled: how government and industry are reforming Japanese capitalism
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-1650 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Local Players in Global Games: The Strategic Constitution of a Multinational Corporation
Kristensen, P. H., & Zeitlin, J. (2004) · Cited by 264 · see citing works
(2007) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284511.001.0001 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
The Social Foundations of Industrial Power: A Comparision of France and Germany.
Myers, C. A., Maurice, M., Sellier, F., & Silvestre, J.-J. (1988) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.2307/2523195 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Schneider, B. R. (2013) · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Introduction: Beyond Varieties of Capitalism
Hancké, B., Rhodes, M. J., & Thatcher, M. (2007) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206483.003.0001 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Informal labor, formal politics, and dignified discontent in India
Agarwala, R. (2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-1181 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
The Sweatshop Regime: Labouring Bodies, Exploitation, and Garments Made in India
Mezzadri, A. (2016) · Cited by 174 · see citing works
The Comparative political economy of development: Africa and South Asia
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-2187 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
From comparing capitalisms to the politics of institutional change
Jackson, G., & Deeg, R. (2008) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290802260704 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Local Players in Global Games: The Strategic Constitution of a Multinational Corporation
Moore, F. (2005) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400165 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The challenge of employment in India : an informal economy perspective
Sengupta, A. (2009) · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The Everyday Politics of Labour: Working Lives in India's Informal Economy
Neve, G. D. (2006) · Figshare · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Informalising Labour in Asia's Global Factory
Chang, D.-O. (2009) · Journal of Contemporary Asia · doi:10.1080/00472330902723766 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Skill development in India : the vocational education and training system
Dar, A. (2008) · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Beyond the Factory: Globalisation, Informalisation of Production and the New Locations of Labour
Sanyal, K., & Bhattacharya, R. (2009) · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Capitalism and the Common Man: Peasants and Petty Production in Africa and South Asia
Harriss‐White, B. (2012) · Agrarian South Journal of Political Economy A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES · doi:10.1177/227797601200100201 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A Bogus Concept? [Review of: G. Standing (2011) The precariat: the new dangerous class]
Breman, J. (2013) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Beyond Continuity: Explorations in the Dynamics of Advanced Political Economies
Jackson, G. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Debt in Rural South India: Fragmentation, Social Regulation and Discrimination
Guérin, I., D’Espallier, B., & Venkatasubramanian, G. (2012) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2012.720365 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The geopolitics and meanings of India's massive skills development ambitions
King, K. (2012) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2012.02.001 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Varieties of Capitalism and Employment Relations: Informally Dominated Market Economies
Dibben, P., & Williams, C. C. (2012) · Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society · doi:10.1111/j.1468-232x.2012.00690.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Wood, G., Dibben, P., & Ogden, S. G. (2013) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/ijmr.12025 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Bringing Asia into the comparative capitalism perspective
Storz, C., Amable, B., Casper, S., & Lechevalier, S. (2013) · Socio-Economic Review · doi:10.1093/ser/mwt004 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
New Directions in Comparative Capitalisms Research
Ebenau, M., Bruff, I., & May, C. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137444615 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Music mania in small-town Bihar: emergence of vernacular identities.
Tripathy, R. (2012) · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Mezzadri, A. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316337912 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
State and Capital in Independent India
Gupta, C. D. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316182505 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Capitalist Development in India's Informal Economy
Basile, E. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203777145 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
New directions in comparative capitalisms research : critical and global perspectives
Ebenau, M., Bruff, I., & May, C. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Harriss‐White, B. (2010) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230297296_7 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Indian Capitalism in Development
(2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315770963 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Structural change and non-standard forms of employment in India
Srivastava, R. (2016) · Center for International and Regional Studies (Georgetown University) · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The BRICs and Emerging Economies in Comparative Perspective
Becker, U. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315884837 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
"Labour, state and society in rural India"
Pattenden, J. (2016) · Manchester University Press eBooks · doi:10.7228/manchester/9780719089145.001.0001 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
COMPRESSED CAPITALISM AND DEVELOPMENT
D’Costa, A. P. (2014) · Critical Asian Studies · doi:10.1080/14672715.2014.898458 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Rise of the ‘B(R)IC Variety of Capitalism’ - Towards a New Phase of Organized Capitalism?
Nölke, A. (2012) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137002471_6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Beyond the Colonial City: Re-Evaluating the Urban History of India, ca. 1920–1970
Haynes, D. E., & Rao, N. (2013) · South Asia Journal of South Asian Studies · doi:10.1080/00856401.2013.814617 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Liberalisation and labour : labour flexibility in Indian manufacturing
Deshpande, L. K. (2004) · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Labour and Segmentation in Value Chains
Hammer, N., & Riisgaard, L. (2015) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-41036-8_5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Labour, state and society in rural India: A class-relational approach
Pattenden, J. (2016) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Rajesh Raj, S. N., & Kunal Sen, A. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199460847.001.0001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Trends in wages and earnings in India: Increasing wage differentials in a segmented labour market
Karan, A., & Selvaraj, S. (2008) · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Trade unions in a constrained environment: workers' voices from a New Industrial Zone in India
Hammer, A. (2010) · Industrial Relations Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2338.2009.00561.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationThe theory of comparative capitalisms and the possibilities for local variation
Morgan, G. (2007) · European Review · doi:10.1017/s106279870700035x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
India: the political economy of growth, stagnation and the state, 1951-2007
McCartney, M. (2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-3927 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Japan Remodelled: How Government and Industry Are Reforming Japanese Capitalism
Lynskey, M. J. (2008) · Asian Business & Management · doi:10.1057/abm.2008.23 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mapping India's capitalism : old and new regions
Basile, E., Harriss‐White, B., & Lutringer, C. (2015) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Informal Labour in Urban India: Three Cities, Three Journeys
Barnes, T. (2014) · Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rethinking Institutions: Innovation and institutional change in India's informal economy
Harriss‐White, B. (2017) · Modern Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/s0026749x16000603 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Unions, wages and labour markets in Indian industry, 1960–86
Bhattacherjee, D., & Chaudhuri, T. D. (1994) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220389408422323 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
India - The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State, 1951-2007
McCartney, M. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203880418 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Morgan, G. (2011) · International Studies of Management and Organization · doi:10.2753/imo0020-8825410101 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Corporate Governance and the Indian Private SectorPreprint
Banaji, J., & Mody, G. (2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Barnes, T. (2012) · Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Working Paper Number 73 Corporate Governance and the Indian Private Sector
Banaji, J., & Mody, G. (2001) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tom Barnes: Informal Labour in Urban India: Three Cities, Three Journeys
Stilwell, F. (2015) · Journal of Australian political economy · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 87 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Comparative Capitalism, Growth Models and Emerging Markets: The Development of the Field
Schedelik, M., Nölke, A., Mertens, D., & May, C. (2020) · New Political Economy · doi:10.1080/13563467.2020.1807487 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Informal and Precarious Work: Insights from the Global South
Hammer, A., & Ness, I. (2021) · Journal of Labor and Society · doi:10.1163/24714607-20212000 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationAutomation, AI and the Future of Work in India
Hammer, A., & Karmakar, S. (2021) · Employee Relations: The International Journal · doi:10.1108/er-12-2019-0452 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Informal City: Exploring the Variety of the Street Vending Economy
Martínez, L. M., & Short, J. R. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14127213 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Nölke, A., May, C., Mertens, D., & Schedelik, M. (2021) · Competition & Change · doi:10.1177/10245294211015597 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Teipen, C., & Mehl, F. (2021) · Journal of Labor and Society · doi:10.1163/24714607-20212008 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Understanding Arab capitalisms: Patrimonialism, HRM and work in Saudi Arabia
Adham, A., & Hammer, A. (2019) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2019.1695649 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationJana, M., & Hammer, A. (2021) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/0950017021997370 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluating the wage differential between the formal and informal economy: a gender perspective
Williams, C. C., & Gashi, A. N. (2021) · Journal of Economic Studies · doi:10.1108/jes-01-2021-0019 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sproll, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87320-2_6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Onuki, H. (2023) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/08969205231209535 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Working Lives in India: Current Insights and Future Directions
Hammer, A., Keles, J. Y., & Olsen, W. K. (2022) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/09500170221083511 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationSteiler, I. (2021) · Journal of Labor and Society · doi:10.1163/24714607-20212004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Amoah, D. K. (2024) · Discover Global Society · doi:10.1007/s44282-024-00131-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Microspheres of self-governance: Platform communities in times of need in Bogotá, Colombia
Paredes, L., & Vigiola, G. Q. (2024) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2024.105311 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Choosing between the formal and informal economy: how do managers decide?
Aad, A. A., & Combs, J. (2021) · Cross Cultural & Strategic Management · doi:10.1108/ccsm-07-2020-0140 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nair, G., & Divyadarshi, J. (2023) · Work in the Global Economy · doi:10.1332/27324176y2023d000000006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Williams, C. C., & Kayaoğlu, A. (2021) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2021.1932830 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Morrison, J., Tumas, N., Moreno Mattar, O., Gutiérrez-Zamora Navarro, M., Pericas, J. M., Martínez Herrera, E., Cash-Gibson, L., Caroz Armayones, J. M., Ruisoto, P., Zografos, C., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Health Services · doi:10.1177/27551938251343485 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Explaining different types of undeclared work: lessons from a 2019 Eurobarometer survey
Williams, C. C., & Öz-Yalaman, G. (2021) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-12-2020-0544 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Majeed, M., & Gulzar, Z. (2025) · Journal of Quantitative Economics · doi:10.1007/s40953-025-00463-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Trading Time: Retail working time and precarious labour in South Africa, 1960s–1980s
Kenny, B. (2021) · Journal of Labor and Society · doi:10.1163/24714607-20212006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Working on waste: beyond ahistorical chronicles and false dichotomies in circular economy narratives
Rainnie, A., & Herod, A. (2022) · Labour & Industry a journal of the social and economic relations of work · doi:10.1080/10301763.2022.2073694 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ayyoub, M., & Gillani, D. Q. (2019) · NICE Research Journal · doi:10.51239/nrjss.v0i0.125 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dünhaupt, P., Herr, H., Mehl, F., & Teipen, C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87320-2_20 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
In search of developmental capitalism institutions:
Balestro, M. V., & Botelho, A. J. J. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Sociologia - RBS · doi:10.20336/rbs.816
Die Rolle industrieller Beziehungen im Globalen Süden für soziales Upgrading in Wertschöpfungsketten
Teipen, C., & Mehl, F. (2021) · Industrielle Beziehungen Zeitschrift für Arbeit Organisation und Management · doi:10.3224/indbez.v28i2.02
Williams, C. C. (2023) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781788975612.00022
Halili, B. L., & Rodríguez, C. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3409572/v1
Does the informal economy undermine political stability? Empirical evidence from global perspectives
Uddin, M. S., Masud, M. I. A., Faruque, O. M., Habib, M. A., & Amin, M. A. (2026) · Economics of Governance · doi:10.1007/s10101-026-00372-4
Milking the Labor of Suri Rumah : A Case Study on Farm Fresh
Choong, C. (2025) · Social Politics International Studies in Gender State & Society · doi:10.1093/sp/jxaf059
Jiang, G. H. (2026) · Social Science Information · doi:10.1177/05390184261488244
- Authors
- Hammer, A.
- Affiliations
- De Montfort University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hammer, Anita
- ORCID
- Hammer, Anita
- Venue
- Review of International Political Economy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-03-04
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 337-360
- ISSN
- 0969-2290 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-4526
- OpenAlex
- W2899030370
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 6.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Review of International Political Economy (publishedVersion)
- DMU Open Research Archive (De Montfort University) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DMU Open Research Archive (De Montfort University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Indian Economic and Social Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Economy and Marxism
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Theory and Institutions
- Keywords
- comparative capitalism, emerging markets, informal economy, institutional configuration, interpersonal relationships, resource allocation, institutional change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review