The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Autism and Schizophrenia: Intestinal Disorders
Abstract
We examined Dohan's hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with the absorption of "exorphins" contained in gluten and casein. In addition, because of the work of Reichelt et al. (Reichelt, K.L., Saelid, G., Lindback, J. and Orbeck, H. (1986) Biological Psychiatry 21:1279-1290) and Rodriguez et al. (Rodriguez, Trav, A.L., Barreiro Marin, R, Galvez, Borrero, I.M., del Olmo Romero-Nieva, F. and Diaz Alvarez, A. (1994) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Aug; 182(8): 478-479), we carried out similar studies on a group of children with autism. In both syndromes we found similar patterns of peptide containing peaks (Ninhydrin positive) after molecular screening with Sephadex G-15. Immunoglobulin assay of IgA and IgG against gliadin and casein in serum was done. High titer IgG antibodies to gliadin were found in 87% of autistic and 86% of schizophrenic patients and high titer IgG antibodies to bovine casein were found in 90% of autistic and in 93% of schizophrenic patients. High titer IgA antibodies to gluten or casein were found in 30% of children with autism while in schizophrenic patients 86% had elevated IgA antibodies to gluten and 67% to casein; some normal children and adults have these antibodies but only in trace amounts. When schizophrenic patients were treated with dialysis or a gluten-casein free diet, or both (Cade, R., Wagemaker, H., Privette, R.M., Fregly, M., Rogers, J. and Orlando, J. (1990) Psychiatry: A World Prespective 1: 494-500) peptiduria and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scores fell while abnormal behavior diminished. A gluten-casein free diet was accompanied by improvement in 81% of autistic children within 3 months in most of the behavior categories. Our data provide support for the proposal that many patients with schizophrenia or autism suffer due to absorption of exorphins formed in the intestine from incomplete digestion of gluten and casein.
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“An open-label study in 70 children with ASD investigated the effects of a 12-month dietary intervention consisting of a gluten-free, casein-free diet and found improvement for 81% of the participants after three months [119].”
From Role of diet and its effects on the gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of mental disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [119]
Citations
Cites
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Cited by
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The Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders
Socała, K., Doboszewska, U., Szopa, A., Serefko, A., Włodarczyk, M., Zielińska, A., Poleszak, E., Fichna, J., & Wlaź, P. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105840 · Cited by 857
Polymorphism of bovine beta-casein and its potential effect on human health
Kamiński, S., Cieślińska, A., & Kostyra, E. (2007) · Journal of Applied Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf03195213 · Cited by 353
A Randomised, Controlled Study of Dietary Intervention in Autistic Syndromes
Knivsberg, A. M., Reichelt, K. L., Høien, T., & Nødland, M. (2002) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/10284150290028945 · Cited by 315
The Gluten-Free, Casein-Free Diet In Autism: Results of A Preliminary Double Blind Clinical Trial
Elder, J. H., Shankar, M. N., Shuster, J. J., Theriaque, D. W., Burns, S., & Sherrill, L. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0079-0 · Cited by 312
Adams, J., Audhya, T., Geis, E., Gehn, E., Fimbres, V., Pollard, E., Mitchell, J., Ingram, J., Hellmers, R., Laake, D., et al. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10030369 · Cited by 267
Metadata
- Authors
- Cade, R., Privette, M., Fregly, M., Rowland, N., Sun, Z., Zele, V., Wagemaker, H., & Edelstein, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Venue
- Nutritional Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2000-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 57-72
- ISSN
- 1028-415X (ISSN-L)
- 1476-8305
- OpenAlex
- W2187926616
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 5.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nutritional Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Florida Foundation
- University of Florida
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Celiac Disease Research and Management
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, exorphins, gluten, casein, anti-gliadin antibodies, IgA antibodies, IgG, gluten-free diet, casein-free diet, intestinal peptide absorption
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