Comprehensive Nutritional and Dietary Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder—A Randomized, Controlled 12-Month Trial
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This study involved a randomized, controlled, single-blind 12-month treatment study of a comprehensive nutritional and dietary intervention. Participants were 67 children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ages 3–58 years from Arizona and 50 non-sibling neurotypical controls of similar age and gender. Treatment began with a special vitamin/mineral supplement, and additional treatments were added sequentially, including essential fatty acids, Epsom salt baths, carnitine, digestive enzymes, and a healthy gluten-free, casein-free, soy-free (HGCSF) diet. There was a significant improvement in nonverbal intellectual ability in the treatment group compared to the non-treatment group (+6.7 ± 11 IQ points vs. −0.6 ± 11 IQ points, p = 0.009) based on a blinded clinical assessment. Based on semi-blinded assessment, the treatment group, compared to the non-treatment group, had significantly greater improvement in autism symptoms and developmental age. The treatment group had significantly greater increases in EPA, DHA, carnitine, and vitamins A, B2, B5, B6, B12, folic acid, and Coenzyme Q10. The positive results of this study suggest that a comprehensive nutritional and dietary intervention is effective at improving nutritional status, non-verbal IQ, autism symptoms, and other symptoms in most individuals with ASD. Parents reported that the vitamin/mineral supplements, essential fatty acids, and HGCSF diet were the most beneficial.
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Large epidemiological studies have implicated dietary factors in some psychiatric disorders as risk factors and potential therapies.
“a number of large epidemiological studies have implicated dietary factors in some of these disorders [1–5], both in terms of risk factors [6] as well as potential therapies [2, 5, 7].”
From Role of diet and its effects on the gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of mental disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Adams, J., Audhya, T., Geis, E., Gehn, E., Fimbres, V., Pollard, E., Mitchell, J., Ingram, J., Hellmers, R., Laake, D., Matthews, J., Li, K., Naviaux, J., Naviaux, R., Adams, R., Coleman, D., & Quig, D.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- Span Diagnostics (India) (IN)
- Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine & Health Sciences (US)
- Arizona Allergy Associates, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Dana Laake Nutrition, Kensington, MD 20895, USA
- Nourishing Hope, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Doctor’s Data, St. Charles, IL 60174, USA
- Corresponding author
- Adams, James
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-03-17
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 369
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5872787
- OpenAlex
- W2792168441
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 11
- FWCI
- 15.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Autism Research Institute
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R25GM099650)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, dietary intervention, vitamin and mineral supplementation, essential fatty acids, EPA and DHA, L-carnitine, digestive enzymes, nonverbal intelligence, autism symptoms, developmental age, nutritional status, children and adults with autism
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Diet, Healthy, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Arizona, Caseins, Child, Child Behavior, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritional Status, Time Factors, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome, Diet, Protein-Restricted, Dietary Supplements, Soybean Proteins, Adolescent Development, Diet, Gluten-Free, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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