Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 329

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Food colors: Existing and emerging food safety concerns

Oplatowska-Stachowiak, Michalina, Elliott, Christopher T.·2017·Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
DOI 10.1080/10408398.2014.889652
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Food colors are added to different types of commodities to increase their visual attractiveness or to compensate for natural color variations. The use of these additives is strictly regulated in the European Union, the United States, and many other countries worldwide. There is a growing concern about the safety of some commonly used legal food colorants and there is a trend to replace the synthetic forms with natural products. Additionally, a number of dyes with known or suspected genotoxic or carcinogenic properties have been shown to be added illegally to foods. Robust monitoring programs based on reliable detection methods are required to assure the food is free from harmful colors. The aim of this review is to present an up to date status of the various concerns arising from use of color additives in food. The most important food safety concerns in the field of food colors are lack of uniform regulation concerning legal food colors worldwide, possible link of artificial colors to hyperactive behavior, replacement of synthetic colors with natural ones, and the presence of harmful illegal dyes-both known but also new, emerging ones in food. The legal status of food color additives in the EU, United States, and worldwide is summarized. The reported negative health effects of both legal and illegal colors are presented. The European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed notifications and US import alerts concerning food colors are analyzed and trends in fraudulent use of color additives identified. The detection methods for synthetic colors are also reviewed.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/10408398.2014.889652

Cites

71 of 71 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 71 references

Research works printed but not linked: 156

  1. Aktas A. H., 2011, Rev. Anal. Chem., 29, 107
  2. Allen J., 1994, J. AOAC Int., 77, 553, 10.1093/jaoac/77.3.553 · doi:10.1093/jaoac/77.3.553
  3. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.054 · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.054
  4. Andersen W. C., 2004, F&DA Laboratory Information Bulletin
  5. Andersen W. C., 2007, F&DA Laboratory Information Bulletin
  6. 10.1021/jf0532258 · doi:10.1021/jf0532258
  7. 10.1080/02652030902755283 · doi:10.1080/02652030902755283
  8. Arnold D., 2009, FAO JECFA Monographs 6.
  9. 10.1080/19440049.2011.653695 · doi:10.1080/19440049.2011.653695
  10. 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.027 · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.027
  11. 10.1016/S0021-9673(04)01571-7 · doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(04)01571-7
  12. 10.1016/0003-2670(96)00192-4 · doi:10.1016/0003-2670(96)00192-4
  13. 10.1016/S0039-9140(98)00159-3 · doi:10.1016/s0039-9140(98)00159-3
  14. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.01.018 · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.01.018
  15. 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.04.014 · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.04.014
  16. 10.1016/j.jfca.2004.05.005 · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2004.05.005
  17. 10.1039/c0ay00303d · doi:10.1039/c0ay00303d
  18. 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.11.058 · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2009.11.058
  19. Commission Decision, 2004, Off. J. Eur. Union, 6, 38
  20. Commission Regulation (EC) No 884, 2007, Off. J. Eur. Union, 195, 8
  21. Commission Regulation (EC) No 775, 2008, Off. J. Eur. Union, 207, 5
  22. Commission Regulation (EU) No 257, 2010, Off. J. Eur. Union, 80, 19
  23. Commission Regulation (EU) No 1129, 2011, Off. J. Eur. Union, 295, 1
  24. 10.1021/jf0517391 · doi:10.1021/jf0517391
  25. Off. J. Eur. Commun., 115, 2645
  26. Off. J. Eur. Commun., 108, 19
  27. 10.1016/S0027-5107(02)00152-5 · doi:10.1016/s0027-5107(02)00152-5
  28. 10.1016/S0009-2797(99)00119-2 · doi:10.1016/s0009-2797(99)00119-2
  29. 10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.016 · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.016
  30. 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.077 · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.077
  31. 10.1021/ac0498821 · doi:10.1021/ac0498821
  32. 10.1111/1750-3841.12068 · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12068
  33. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19981115)12:21<1625::AID-RCM373>3.0.CO;2-I · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(19981115)12:21<1625::aid-rcm373>3.0.co;2-i
  34. 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.10.019 · doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.10.019
  35. 10.1016/j.aca.2006.08.045 · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.08.045
  36. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.039 · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.039
  37. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.010 · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.010
  38. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2005, EFSA J., 263, 1
  39. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2007, EFSA J., 515, 1
  40. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2008, EFSA J., 660, 1
  41. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2009, EFSA J., 7
  42. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2009, EFSA J., 7
  43. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2009, EFSA J., 7
  44. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2009, EFSA J., 7
  45. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2009, EFSA J., 7
  46. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2009, EFSA J., 7
  47. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2010, EFSA J., 8
  48. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2011, EFSA J., 9
  49. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2013, EFSA J., 11
  50. European Parliament and Council Directive 94/36/EC, Off. J. Eur. Union., 237, 13
  51. 10.1007/s12161-013-9632-6 · doi:10.1007/s12161-013-9632-6
  52. 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.04.014 · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.04.014
  53. Food and Drug Administration, 2013, Fed. Reg, 78, 49177
  54. Food and Drug Administration, 2013, Detention without physical examination and guidance of foods containing illegal and/or undeclared colors
  55. Food and Drug Administration, 2013, Detention without physical examination of aquaculture seafood products due to unapproved drugs
  56. Food Standards Agency (FSA), 2006, Study on illegal dyes in imported foods
  57. Food Standards Agency (FSA), 2008, Board discuses colours advice
  58. 10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00625-7 · doi:10.1016/s0039-9140(01)00625-7
  59. 10.1016/j.snb.2008.01.013 · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2008.01.013
  60. 10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.03.009 · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.03.009
  61. 10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01098-9 · doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(96)01098-9
  62. 10.1039/c1ay05327b · doi:10.1039/c1ay05327b
  63. 10.1081/JLC-200051484 · doi:10.1081/jlc-200051484
  64. 10.1111/j.1757-837X.2009.00007.x · doi:10.1111/j.1757-837x.2009.00007.x
  65. 10.1021/jf0261147 · doi:10.1021/jf0261147
  66. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.054 · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.054
  67. 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00112-V · doi:10.1016/0378-4347(95)00112-v
  68. 10.1080/19440049.2013.774465 · doi:10.1080/19440049.2013.774465
  69. 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.048 · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.048
  70. 10.1021/jf071005j · doi:10.1021/jf071005j
  71. 10.1021/jf400029y · doi:10.1021/jf400029y
  72. 10.5740/jaoacint.11-140 · doi:10.5740/jaoacint.11-140
  73. 10.1002/elps.200410279 · doi:10.1002/elps.200410279
  74. 10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00441-7 · doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00441-7
  75. 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.061 · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.061
  76. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1975). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Some aromatic azo compunds. Vol. 8. Available from http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol8/volume8.pdf. Accessed June 1, 2009.
  77. 10.1002/jssc.200500039 · doi:10.1002/jssc.200500039
  78. 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.055 · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.055
  79. 10.1007/s12161-011-9259-4 · doi:10.1007/s12161-011-9259-4
  80. 10.1007/s00217-005-0157-0 · doi:10.1007/s00217-005-0157-0
  81. 10.1007/BF02492092 · doi:10.1007/bf02492092
  82. 10.1007/BF02466528 · doi:10.1007/bf02466528
  83. 10.1002/elps.200700556 · doi:10.1002/elps.200700556
  84. 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.06.009 · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.06.009
  85. 10.3390/molecules16087043 · doi:10.3390/molecules16087043
  86. 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.077 · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.077
  87. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.022 · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.022
  88. 10.1111/j.1757-837X.2009.00005.x · doi:10.1111/j.1757-837x.2009.00005.x
  89. 10.1016/j.ab.2012.02.001 · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2012.02.001
  90. 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.06.037 · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.06.037
  91. 10.1021/jf063332h · doi:10.1021/jf063332h
  92. 10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.001 · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.001
  93. 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.047 · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.047
  94. 10.1016/j.snb.2012.07.069 · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2012.07.069
  95. 10.1080/02652030400007252 · doi:10.1080/02652030400007252
  96. 10.1021/jf072286y · doi:10.1021/jf072286y
  97. 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.051 · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.051
  98. Ministry of Health People's Republic of China, 2011, National Food Safety Standard, Standard for Uses of Food Additives GB2760-2011
  99. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01356.x · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01356.x
  100. Mitrowska K., 2004, J. AOAC Int., 7, 173
  101. 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.028 · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.028
  102. 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.020 · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.020
  103. 10.1016/0039-9140(95)01695-3 · doi:10.1016/0039-9140(95)01695-3
  104. 10.1016/S0039-9140(96)02105-4 · doi:10.1016/s0039-9140(96)02105-4
  105. 10.1016/S0039-9140(96)02028-0 · doi:10.1016/s0039-9140(96)02028-0
  106. 10.1016/0003-2670(96)00038-4 · doi:10.1016/0003-2670(96)00038-4
  107. 10.1080/00032719708001692 · doi:10.1080/00032719708001692
  108. 10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00297-3 · doi:10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00297-3
  109. 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.11.035 · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.11.035
  110. Nordic Council of Ministers, 2002, TermaNord, 560
  111. 10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.047 · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.047
  112. 10.1007/s00216-011-5185-y · doi:10.1007/s00216-011-5185-y
  113. 10.1111/j.1757-837X.2009.00012.x · doi:10.1111/j.1757-837x.2009.00012.x
  114. 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.10.052 · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.10.052
  115. 10.1016/S0956-5663(01)00212-3 · doi:10.1016/s0956-5663(01)00212-3
  116. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.11.014 · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.11.014
  117. 10.1021/jf300026x · doi:10.1021/jf300026x
  118. 10.1504/IJFSNPH.2008.018857 · doi:10.1504/ijfsnph.2008.018857
  119. Regulation (EC) No, 1925, Off. J. Eur. Union, 404, 26
  120. Regulation (EC) No, 2008, Off. J. Eur. Union, 354, 16
  121. Reyns T., 2010, Biomed. Chromatogr., 24, 982, 10.1002/bmc.1396 · doi:10.1002/bmc.1396
  122. Roybal J. E., 1995, Residues Trace Elements, 78, 453
  123. 10.1080/19440049.2012.667442 · doi:10.1080/19440049.2012.667442
  124. 10.1016/S0378-4347(97)00330-7 · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00330-7
  125. 10.1016/S0378-4347(96)00298-8 · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00298-8
  126. 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00285-4 · doi:10.1016/0378-4347(95)00285-4
  127. Ryvolová M., 2007, J. Appl. Behav. Anal., 1141, 206
  128. 10.1021/jf400602a · doi:10.1021/jf400602a
  129. 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.03.017 · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.03.017
  130. 10.1016/j.talanta.2006.10.032 · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2006.10.032
  131. 10.1080/19440049.2011.567360 · doi:10.1080/19440049.2011.567360
  132. 10.1139/V10-059 · doi:10.1139/v10-059
  133. Song Y. Z., 2010, Ind. J. Chem., 49, 1030
  134. 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.075 · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.075
  135. 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.01.025 · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.01.025
  136. 10.1039/a805200j · doi:10.1039/a805200j
  137. 10.1021/jf030721s · doi:10.1021/jf030721s
  138. 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00133-4 · doi:10.1016/0378-4347(95)00133-4
  139. Uematsu Y., 2007, J. AOAC Int., 90, 437, 10.1093/jaoac/90.2.437 · doi:10.1093/jaoac/90.2.437
  140. 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.049 · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.049
  141. 10.2116/analsci.21.149 · doi:10.2116/analsci.21.149
  142. 10.1365/s10337-008-0754-8 · doi:10.1365/s10337-008-0754-8
  143. 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.10.016 · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.10.016
  144. 10.1002/jsfa.4392 · doi:10.1002/jsfa.4392
  145. Watson D. H., 2001, Food Chemical Safety, Volume 2: Additives
  146. 10.1021/ac0603577 · doi:10.1021/ac0603577
  147. 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.084 · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.084
  148. 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.001 · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.001
  149. 10.1002/jsfa.3695 · doi:10.1002/jsfa.3695
  150. 10.1039/c0an00232a · doi:10.1039/c0an00232a
  151. 10.1016/j.ab.2010.05.031 · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2010.05.031
  152. 10.1080/19440049.2012.713029 · doi:10.1080/19440049.2012.713029
  153. 10.1021/jf071195y · doi:10.1021/jf071195y
  154. 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.09.015 · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2007.09.015
  155. 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.028 · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.028
  156. 10.1007/s12161-011-9337-7 · doi:10.1007/s12161-011-9337-7

Cited by

See all 329

Metadata

Authors
Oplatowska-Stachowiak, M., & Elliott, C. T.
Venue
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2016-10-28
Volume
57
Issue
3
Pages
524-548
ISSN
  • 1040-8398 (ISSN-L)
  • 1549-7852
DOI
10.1080/10408398.2014.889652
OpenAlex
W2038760905
Cited by
329
References
71
FWCI
7.51
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Food colors: Existing and emerging food safety concerns. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/10408398.2014.889652
The paper
Oplatowska-Stachowiak, M., & Elliott, C. T. (2017). Food colors: Existing and emerging food safety concerns. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2014.889652

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.