The risk of algorithmic injustice for interactive learning environments
Open accessAbstract
Major changes are taking place in education, and the most pressing of these changes is how the role and scope of artificial intelligence (AI) is increasing. After a very long AI winter the exponent...
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
AI literacy is especially necessary for minoritized students, who already face a lack of access and participation in technology-related fields and are more likely to fall prey to misinformation and unfair decisions made by AI.
“AI literacy is especially necessary for minoritized students, who already face a lack of access and participation in technologyrelated fields and are more likely to fall prey to misinformation and unfair decisions made by AI [44].”
From Incorporating generative AI into a writing-intensive undergraduate course without off-loading learning (2025) · cites this paper as [44]
The “Algorithmic harm” section describes algorithmic decisions that reinforce under-privilege and an image-recognition error affecting African-American people. It does not say that minoritized students have less access to technology-related fields, are more susceptible to misinformation, or especially need AI literacy. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy
Doyle, T. (2017) · The Information Society · doi:10.1080/01972243.2017.1354593 · Cited by 3,110 · see citing works
(2019) · Cited by 2,637 · see citing works
(2016) · Cited by 2,334 · see citing works
The age of surveillance capitalism: the fight for a human future at the new frontier of power
Shandler, R. (2019) · Journal of Cyber Policy · doi:10.1080/23738871.2019.1637914 · Cited by 2,113 · see citing works
Race after technology. Abolitionist tools for the new Jim Code
Merz, S. (2020) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2020.1715454 · Cited by 1,889 · see citing works
Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence: Reliable, Safe & Trustworthy
Shneiderman, B. (2020) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2020.1741118 · Cited by 1,743 · see citing works
The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society
Miles, S. B., & Wiener, N. (1951) · Land Economics · doi:10.2307/3159747 · Cited by 1,664 · see citing works
Review of “Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code”
Jipguep-Akhtar, M. C. (2019) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soz162 · Cited by 1,482 · see citing works
The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society
Boulding, K. E., & Wiener, N. (1952) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1907665 · Cited by 962 · see citing works
Shneiderman, B. (2020) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3419764 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
What the Near Future of Artificial Intelligence Could Be
Floridi, L. (2019) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-019-00345-y · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The Financial Modelers' ManifestoPreprint
Derman, E., & Wilmott, P. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1324878 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
ILE: At The Right Place At The Right Time
Soloway, E. M. (1990) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/1049482900010101 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 14 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Artificial intelligence in teaching and learning: what questions should we ask of ChatGPT?
Rospigliosi, P. ‘. (2023) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2023.2180191 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Encouraging human-AI collaboration in interactive learning environments
Chiu, T. K. F., & Rospigliosi, A. (2025) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2471199 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Rospigliosi, A. (2022) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2022.2132034 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Siri as an interactive pronunciation coach: its impact on EFL learners
Alharthi, S. M. (2024) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2024.2304245 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Tate, T. P., Harnick-Shapiro, B., Ritchie, D. R., Tseng, W., Dennin, M., & Warschauer, M. (2025) · Discover Computing · doi:10.1007/s10791-025-09563-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“AI literacy is especially necessary for minoritized students, who already face a lack of access and participation in technology-related fields and are more likely to fall prey to misinformation and unfair decisions made by AI [44].”
AI in Education - Evaluating ChatGPT as a Virtual Teaching Assistant
Agarwal, K. (2023) · International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i04.4484 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
What is the role of ChatGPT and other large language model AI in Higher Education?
Rospigliosi, A. (2024) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2024.2330836 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Why we need critical pedagogy in post pandemic interactive learning environments
Rospigliosi, A. (2022) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2022.2079277 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Human-centered AI for teacher educators: Designing professional learning for critical AI literacy
Baran, E., Dilek, M., Ziba, M., & Xiao, X. (2026) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2026.100399 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gleason, B., & Manca, S. (2023) · Higher education dynamics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24193-2_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rospigliosi, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Brighton Business School, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
- Venue
- Interactive Learning Environments
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2021-05-19
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 523-526
- ISSN
- 1049-4820 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-5191
- OpenAlex
- W3174394194
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Interactive Learning Environments (publishedVersion)
- University of Brighton Repository (University of Brighton) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Keywords
- algorithmic injustice, algorithmic fairness, artificial intelligence in education, algorithmic bias, educational technology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review