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Public service reductions associated with placement of homeless persons with severe mental illness in supportive housing
Open accessAbstract
This article assesses the impact of public investment in supportive housing for homeless persons with severe mental disabilities. Data on 4,679 people placed in such housing in New York City between 1989 and 1997 were merged with data on the utilization of public shelters, public and private hospitals, and correctional facilities. A series of matched controls who were homeless but not placed in housing were similarly tracked. Regression results reveal that persons placed in supportive housing experience marked reductions in shelter use, hospitalizations, length of stay per hospitalization, and time incarcerated. Before placement, homeless people with severe mental illness used about $40,451 per person per year in services (1999 dollars). Placement was associated with a reduction in services use of $16,281 per housing unit per year. Annual unit costs are estimated at $17,277, for a net cost of $995 per unit per year over the first two years.
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“Supportive housing initiatives specific to people leaving prison have been shown to be effective in reducing reincarceration (14).”
From Behavioral Health and Social Correlates of Reincarceration Among Hispanic, Native American, and White Rural Women (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
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Tsai, M., Weintraub, R., Gee, L., & Kushel, M. (2005) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2005.0042 · Cited by 39
“interventions include medical respite care,(12) case management,(13) and supportive housing.(14,15) Developing a common nomenclature around housing status in health care settings may help clinicians to target interventions toward homeless patients and may help policymakers to develop interventions.”
BackgroundDOES RE-HOUSING LEAD TO REINTEGRATION?
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Self-citationThe Meaning of Computers to a Group of Men Who Are Homeless
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Lucas, D. S. (2017) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.1002/soej.12231 · Cited by 35
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BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationKerman, N., Aubry, T., Adair, C. E., Distasio, J., Latimer, E., Somers, J., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2020) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-020-01008-3 · Cited by 30
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“Results regarding the cost-effectiveness of permanent supportive housing vary, but studies tend to demonstrate cost savings among clients with high inpatient service utilization, extensive incarceration, or extensive use of homeless shelters (2,15).”
BackgroundLee, S., Wong, Y. I., & Rothbard, A. (2009) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.60.3.367 · Cited by 30
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“An important contribution of Culhane et al. (2002) is the extensive use of administrative data from multiple service agencies.”
InfluentialBroner, N., Lang, M., & Behler, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504260903358801 · Cited by 28
“Supportive housing, which includes case management and treatment support, has demonstrated reduction in days in jail and the number of incarceration episodes and days hospitalized ( Allen, 2003 ; Culhane, Metreaux, & Hadley, 2002 ).”
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“…results are similar to the findings of previous studies showing that after housing placement, outpatient service utilization and its associated costs increased in individuals experiencing homelessness receiving supportive housing services (Culhane et al., 2002; Gilmer, Manning, & Ettner, 2009).”
ResultBurt, M. (2012) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100100 · Cited by 27
Henwood, B. F., Rhoades, H., Hsu, H.-T., Couture, J., Rice, E., & Wenzel, S. L. (2017) · Journal of Mixed Methods Research · doi:10.1177/1558689815607686 · Cited by 26
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BackgroundResultInfluentialLong-Term Housing and Intimate Partner Violence
Hetling, A., Dunford, A., Lin, S. Y., & Michaelis, E. (2018) · Affilia · doi:10.1177/0886109918778064 · Cited by 27
Holmes, A., Carlisle, T., Vale, Z., Hatvani, G., Heagney, C., & Jones, S. (2016) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856216669916 · Cited by 22
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Zaretzky, K., Flatau, P., Spicer, B., Conroy, E., & Burns, L. (2017) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2017.1280777 · Cited by 26
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Gilderbloom, J., Squires, G., & Wuerstle, M. (2013) · doi:10.1080/08882746.2013.11430607 · Cited by 21
Wong, Y. I., Poulin, S. R., Lee, S., Davis, M. R., & Hadley, T. (2008) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2008.07.001 · Cited by 21
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BackgroundMontgomery, P., Forchuk, C., Duncan, C., Rose, D., Bailey, P., & Veluri, R. (2008) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-8-156 · Cited by 20
“To date, supported housing research has been conducted primarily in urban settings, focusing on indicators such as service utilization, housing stability, and other financial measures [1,12].”
BackgroundRoy, R., Raman, K. J., Elangovan, A. R., & Varambally, S. S. (2024) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640231217173 · Cited by 19
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Motte‐Kerr, W. L., Rhoades, H., Henwood, B. F., Rice, E. R. W., & Wenzel, S. L. (2020) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12459 · Cited by 17
Gilmer, T. P., Stefancic, A., Tsemberis, S., & Ettner, S. (2014) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300380 · Cited by 19
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Crone, B., Metraux, S., & Sbrocco, T. (2021) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-021-01119-z · Cited by 18
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Willging, C., Nicdao, E. G., Trott, E., & Kellett, N. (2015) · Women & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/08974454.2015.1067174 · Cited by 18
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Hanson, D. A., & Gillespie, S. (2024) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2023.01041 · Cited by 17
Edalati, H., Nicholls, T. L., Schütz, C. G., Somers, J. M., Distasio, J., Aubry, T., & Crocker, A. G. (2020) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743720902616 · Cited by 16
Securing private housing with a criminal record
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“Other related research has shown that providing housing to the mentally ill reduces shelter use, hospitalizations, length of stay per hospitalization, and time incarcerated (Culhane et al., 2002).”
BackgroundThe Role of Recovery Housing: Prioritizing Choice in Homeless Services
Paquette, K. L., & Winn, L. A. P. (2016) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2016.1175262 · Cited by 23
Park, K., & Seo, W. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197125 · Cited by 17
Harding, C. S., & Roman, C. G. (2016) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854816680838 · Cited by 16
“Interventions using this model have demonstrated reductions in the use of emergency health services (gulcur, Stefancic, Shinn, Tsemberis, & Fischer, 2003; Mackelprang, Collins, & Clifasefi, 2014), days in jail (Clifasefi, Malone, & Collins, 2013; Culhane et al., 2002), alcohol and drug use and abuse (Padgett, Stanhope…”
BackgroundMethodDeriving costs of service use among an urban homeless population
Fuehrlein, B., Cowell, A. J., Pollio, D. E., Cupps, L., Balfour, M. E., & North, C. S. (2013) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.002 · Cited by 14
Hollander, M., Cole, E., Donohue, J., & Roberts, E. (2021) · Journal of general internal medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-020-06465-y · Cited by 15
The State of Homelessness in Australia's Cities: A Health and Social Cost Too High
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“Briefly stated, our findings support calls echoed elsewhere for more affordable and accessible housing and Housing First initiatives (Culhane, Metraux, and Hadley 2002; Tsemebris, Gulcur, and Nakae 2004; Culhane and Metraux 2008; Mental Health Commission of Canada 2014); for the repeal of…”
Substance Abuse and Welfare Policy at the New Century
Baumohl, J., Speiglman, R., Swartz, J., & Stahl, R. (2003) · Contemporary Drug Problems · doi:10.1177/00914509030301-218 · Cited by 14
“…would certainly reduce other social costs connected with the population it would support (incarceration and the use of public shelters, for example), we have no way to estimate these plausibly, and we suspect that the offset would be modest (see, for example, Culhane, Metraux, and Hadley, 2002).”
BackgroundChronic homelessness - what women’s experiences can tell us
Bullen, J. (2021) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2021.1941791 · Cited by 13
Ghose, T., Ali, S., Shubert, V., Stanton, M. C., Walker, L. E., & Chaudhuri, S. (2019) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2019.0015 · Cited by 13
“56,58,59 Taken together with our results, these findings suggest that supportive transitional housing at the point of release from incarceration should become standard protocol for women with HIV who lack stable housing, given their elevated probability of experiencing homelessness and exposure to…”
Smelson, D. A., Perez, C. K., Farquhar, I., Byrne, T. H., & Colegrove, A. (2018) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2018.1506195 · Cited by 15
Connecting fractured lives to a fragmented system: Chicago housing for health partnership
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History, Discussion and Review of a Best Practices Model for Service Delivery for the Homeles
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Housing First and Single-Site Housing
Chen, P. M. (2019) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci8040129 · Cited by 15
“…on outcomes for homeless clients, such as reduced utilization of shelter, healthcare, and criminal justice systems and increased housing stability (Collins et al. 2013; Culhane et al. 2002; Gilmer et al. 2010; Mares and Rosenheck 2010; Stefancic and Tsemberis 2007; Stergiopoulos et al. 2015).”
BackgroundCusack, M. C., Montgomery, A. E., Blonigen, D. M., Gabrielian, S. E., & Marsh, L. (2016) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1606/1044-3894.2016.97.23 · Cited by 13
Wilkins, C. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/15487768.2015.1001690 · Cited by 12
“Costs of health care utilization are reduced, mortality rates decline, and some other health outcomes improve when people move from homelessness into permanent supportive housing (Cheng et al., 2007; Culhane et al., 2002, 2007; Rosenheck et al., 2003).”
BackgroundPeer Supportive Housing for Consumers of Housing First Who Experience Ongoing Housing Instability
Yamin, S., Aubry, T., Volk, J. S., Jetté, J., Bourque, J., & Crouse, S. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health · doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2014-034 · Cited by 12
“One study found no difference in service utilization (Kessell et al., 2006), whereas another found significant cost offsets related to reduced service utilization for individuals living in supportive housing (Culhane, Metraux, & Hadley, 2002).”
BackgroundBauer, J., Moughamian, A., Viloria, J., & Schneidermann, M. (2012) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2012.0118 · Cited by 12
Homeless Shelters for Single Adults: Why Does Their Population Change?
O'Flaherty, B., & Wu, T. (2008) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/593387 · Cited by 12
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Baur, J. W. R., & Cerveny, L. K. (2019) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.12.006 · Cited by 12
Vallesi, S., Flatau, P., Thielking, M., Mackelprang, J. L., Taylor, K. M., Sala, L. L., Spiers, J. A., Wood, L. J., Martin, K., Kragt, D., et al. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6644-1 · Cited by 17
Ethnographic assessment of an alternative to incarceration for women with minor children.
Goshin, L. S. (2015) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000097 · Cited by 19
Neighborhood Outcomes of Formally Homeless Veterans Participating in the HUD-VASH Program
Patterson, K., Nochajski, T., & Wu, L.-Y. (2014) · Journal of Community Practice · doi:10.1080/10705422.2014.929605 · Cited by 11
Homelessness research: shaping policy and practice, now and into the future.
Culhane, D., Kane, V. R., & Johnston, M. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301728 · Cited by 11
Self-citationMartin, W. M., & Lomperis, A. E. (2002) · doi:10.2307/3588419 · Cited by 11
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Metadata
- Authors
- Culhane, D. P., Metraux, S., & Hadley, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Housing Policy Debate
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 107-163
- ISSN
- 1051-1482 (ISSN-L)
- 2152-050X
- OpenAlex
- W2118672011
- Cited by
- 515
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 34.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- repository.upenn.edu
- Locations
- Housing Policy Debate (publishedVersion)
- Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania) (submittedVersion)
- ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Keywords
- homeless people, severe mental illness, supported housing, public service utilization, shelter use, hospitalization, incarceration, cost-benefit analysis, public investment, New York City
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