The DOI matches its Crossref record; 92 of the 94 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
Affective News: The Automated Coding of Sentiment in Political Texts
Abstract
An increasing number of studies in political communication focus on the “sentiment” or “tone” of news content, political speeches, or advertisements. This growing interest in measuring sentiment coincides with a dramatic increase in the volume of digitized information. Computer automation has a great deal of potential in this new media environment. The objective here is to outline and validate a new automated measurement instrument for sentiment analysis in political texts. Our instrument uses a dictionary-based approach consisting of a simple word count of the frequency of keywords in a text from a predefined dictionary. The design of the freely available Lexicoder Sentiment Dictionary (LSD) is discussed in detail here. The dictionary is tested against a body of human-coded news content, and the resulting codes are also compared to results from nine existing content-analytic dictionaries. Analyses suggest that the LSD produces results that are more systematically related to human coding than are results based on the other available dictionaries. The LSD is thus a useful starting point for a revived discussion about dictionary construction and validation in sentiment analysis for political communication.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1914185 · Cited by 48,524
Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511609220.014 · Cited by 32,720
(1994) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 10,542
Text categorization with Support Vector Machines: Learning with many relevant features
Joachims, T. (1998) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/bfb0026683 · Cited by 8,271
DESCARTES' ERROR: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
Marg, E. (1995) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1002/j.1538-9235.1995.tb03988.x · Cited by 8,178
Thumbs up?: sentiment classification using machine learning techniques
Pang, B., Lee, L., & Vaithyanathan, S. (2002) · Proceedings of the ACL-02 conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing - EMNLP '02 · doi:10.3115/1118693.1118704 · Cited by 7,024
Landauer, T. K., & Dumais, S. T. (1997) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.104.2.211 · Cited by 6,282
(1996) · Cited by 3,692
Recognizing contextual polarity in phrase-level sentiment analysis
Wilson, T., Wiebe, J., & Hoffmann, P. (2005) · doi:10.3115/1220575.1220619 · Cited by 3,388
Psychological Aspects of Natural Language Use: Our Words, Our Selves
Pennebaker, J. W., Mehl, M. R., & Niederhoffer, K. G. (2003) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145041 · Cited by 2,624
More Than Words: Quantifying Language to Measure Firms' Fundamentals
Tetlock, P. C., Saar‐Tsechansky, M., & Macskassy, S. A. (2008) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2008.01362.x · Cited by 2,316
Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC)
Chung, C. K., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2012) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-741-8.ch012 · Cited by 2,215
Zajonc, R. B. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.2.117 · Cited by 1,937
Dave, K. S., Lawrence, S., & Pennock, D. M. (2003) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/775152.775226 · Cited by 1,925
Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment
Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000) · Cited by 1,686
What Drives Media Slant? Evidence From U.S. Daily Newspapers
Gentzkow, M. A., & Shapiro, J. M. (2010) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta7195 · Cited by 1,559
Measuring praise and criticism
Turney, P. D., & Littman, M. L. (2003) · ACM Transactions on Information Systems · doi:10.1145/944012.944013 · Cited by 1,515
Predicting the semantic orientation of adjectives
Hatzivassiloglou, V., & McKeown, K. R. (1997) · Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) · doi:10.3115/976909.979640 · Cited by 1,445
WordNet Affect: an Affective Extension of WordNet
Strapparava, C., & Valitutti, A. (2004) · Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC) · doi:10.63317/2yctm9q26ar4 · Cited by 1,443
Extracting Policy Positions from Political Texts Using Words as Data
LAVER, M., BENOIT, K., & GARRY, J. (2003) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055403000698 · Cited by 1,377
Ito, T. A., Larsen, J. T., Smith, N. K., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.887 · Cited by 1,340
The general inquirer: A computer approach to content analysis.
Smith, M. S., Stone, P. J., & Dunphy, D. C. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,165
The General Inquirer: A Computer Approach to Content Analysis
Green, B. F., Stone, P. J., Dunphy, D. C., Smith, M. S., & Ogilvie, D. M. (1967) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1161774 · Cited by 1,013
The Effect of Economic Events on Votes for President
Fair, R. C. (1978) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.2307/1924969 · Cited by 951
Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analyses of Political Choice
Quattrone, G. A., & Tversky, A. (1988) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1962487 · Cited by 881
Elster, J. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139173308 · Cited by 878
Good News and Bad News: Asymmetric Responses to Economic Information
Soroka, S. N. (2006) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00413.x · Cited by 850
Self-citationSENTIMENT CLASSIFICATION of MOVIE REVIEWS USING CONTEXTUAL VALENCE SHIFTERS
Kennedy, A., & Inkpen, D. Z. (2006) · Computational Intelligence · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8640.2006.00277.x · Cited by 755
Using WordNet to Measure Semantic Orientations of Adjectives
Kamps, J., Marx, M., Mokken, R. J., & de Rijke, M. (2004) · Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC) · doi:10.63317/222z3zcs9izx · Cited by 654
Watson, G. (1988) · Cited by 614
Three Steps toward a Theory of Motivated Political Reasoning
Lodge, M. G., & Taber, C. S. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511805813.009 · Cited by 608
What Drives Media Slant? Evidence from U.S. Daily Newspapers
Gentzkow, M. A., & Shapiro, J. M. (2006) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w12707 · Cited by 579
THE DICTIONARY OF AFFECT IN LANGUAGE
Whissell, C. (1989) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-558704-4.50011-6 · Cited by 559
Learning Subjective Adjectives from Corpora
Wiebe, J. (2000) · Cited by 551
Framing Responsibility for Political Issues
Iyengar, S. (1996) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716296546001006 · Cited by 540
The sentimental citizen: emotion in democratic politics
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-3068 · Cited by 501
Thomas, M., Pang, B., & Lee, L. (2006) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.3115/1610075.1610122 · Cited by 480
Elements of Reason: Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality
Lupia, A., McCubbins, M. D., & Popkin, S. L. (2008) · Cited by 471
Extracting opinions, opinion holders, and topics expressed in online news media text
Kim, S.-M., & Hovy, E. H. (2006) · doi:10.3115/1654641.1654642 · Cited by 460
Voter Response to Short-Run Economic Conditions: the Asymmetric Effect of Prosperity and Recession
Bloom, H. S., & Price, H. D. (1975) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1955284 · Cited by 448
The Effects of Negative Political Advertisements: A Meta-Analytic Assessment
Lau, R. R., Sigelman, L., Heldman, C., & Babbitt, P. (1999) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/2586117 · Cited by 432
Telling Stories About Global Climate Change
McComas, K. A., & Shanahan, J. E. (1999) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365099026001003 · Cited by 418
A bootstrapping method for learning semantic lexicons using extraction pattern contexts
Thelen, M., & Riloff, E. (2002) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.3115/1118693.1118721 · Cited by 367
Unsupervised Learning of Semantic Orientation from a Hundred-Billion-Word CorpusPreprint
Turney, P., & Littman, M. L. (2002) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.4224/8914027 · Cited by 359
The effects of emotional arousal and valence on television viewers’ cognitive capacity and memory
Lang, A., Dhillon, K., & Dong, Q. (1995) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838159509364309 · Cited by 329
The Clockwork Muse: The Predictability of Artistic Change.
Clignet, R. P., & Martindale, C. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2073749 · Cited by 328
Mining WordNet for a Fuzzy Sentiment: Sentiment Tag Extraction from WordNet Glosses
Andreevskaia, A., & Bergler, S. (2006) · Cited by 317
Affect analysis of text using fuzzy semantic typing
Subašić, P., & Huettner, A. K. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.1109/91.940962 · Cited by 293
Mergenthaler, E. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1306 · Cited by 283
News narratives and news framing: constructing political reality
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-4478 · Cited by 257
Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., MacKuen, M., & Crigler, A. N. (2007) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226574431.001.0001 · Cited by 222
Political Narratives and Political Reality
Shenhav, S. R. (2006) · International Political Science Review · doi:10.1177/0192512106064474 · Cited by 222
Stone, P. J., Bales, R. F., Namenwirth, J. Z., & Ogilvie, D. M. (2007) · Systems Research and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/bs.3830070412 · Cited by 220
A Bio-Informational Theory of Emotion: Motion and Image Size Effects on Viewers
Detenber, B. H., & Reeves, B. B. (1996) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01489.x · Cited by 212
TV news images that induce anger, fear, and disgust: Effects on approach‐avoidance and memory
Newhagen, J. E. (1998) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838159809364448 · Cited by 206
Computer simulation of personality
Hedl, J. J. (1968) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(68)90021-6 · Cited by 199
Mergenthaler, E. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.6.1306 · Cited by 199
Elite Economic Forecasts, Economic News, Mass Economic Judgments, and Presidential Approval
Nadeau, R., Niemi, R. G., & Amato, T. (1999) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2647777 · Cited by 191
Computer simulation of "hot cognition"
Abelson, R. P. (1963) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 190
Cho, J., Boyle, M. P., Keum, H., Shevy, M. D., McLeod, D. M., Shah, D. V., & Pan, Z. (2003) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4703_1 · Cited by 186
Martindale, Colin. The Clockwork Muse: The Predictability of Artistic Change
Porter, L. M., & Martindale, C. (1992) · Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism · doi:10.2307/430964 · Cited by 167
Redeveloping Diction: Theoretical Considerations
Hart, R. P. (2001) · doi:10.5040/9798216186847.ch-003 · Cited by 153
Romantic Progression: The Psychology of Literary History
Lindauer, M. S., & Martindale, C. (1976) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421428 · Cited by 143
Verbal Style and the Presidency: A Computer-Based Analysis
Tetlock, P. E., & Hart, R. B. (1985) · Political Psychology · doi:10.2307/3791035 · Cited by 142
Javkin, H. R. (1985) · Language · doi:10.2307/414438 · Cited by 135
Sentiment Classification of Movie and Product Reviews Using Contextual Valence Shifters
Kennedy, A., & Inkpen, D. Z. (2005) · Cited by 123
Hall, C. (2002) · Philosophy & Social Criticism · doi:10.1177/019145370202800607 · Cited by 92
Understanding how bloggers feel
Leshed, G., & Kaye, J. (2006) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/1125451.1125646 · Cited by 89
ASR for emotional speech: Clarifying the issues and enhancing performance
Athanaselis, T., Bakamidis, S., Dologlou, I., Cowie, R., Douglas‐Cowie, E., & Cox, C. (2005) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2005.03.008 · Cited by 88
Mergenthaler, E. (2008) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300701883741 · Cited by 86
The Nightly News Nightmare: Media Coverage of U.S. Presidential Elections, 1988-2008
Farnsworth, S. J., & Lichter, S. R. (2010) · Cited by 82
Analyzing harsh words in a sensitive setting: American expatriates in communist China
Doucet, L., & Jehn, K. A. (1997) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199711)18:1+ · Cited by 78
Political Language and Political Reality
Edelman, M. J. (1985) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096500021247 · Cited by 74
Force and Influence in Content Analysis: The Production of New Social Knowledge
Hogenraad, R. L., McKenzie, D. P., & Péladeau, N. (2003) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1023/a:1024401325472 · Cited by 67
Political keywords : using language that uses us
Hart, R. P. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 64
Automated classification of congressional legislation
Purpura, S., & Hillard, D. (2006) · Conference on Digital Government Research · doi:10.1145/1146598.1146660 · Cited by 62
Measuring Affect and Action in Inter National Reaction Models
Holsti, O. R., Brody, R. A., & North, R. C. (1964) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/002234336400100303 · Cited by 61
Grefenstette, G., Qu, Y., Evans, D. A., & Shanahan, J. G. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-4102-0_9 · Cited by 61
The Tone of Local Presidential News Coverage
Eshbaugh‐Soha, M. (2010) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584600903502623 · Cited by 60
Verbal Style and the Presidency: A Computer-Based Analysis.
Stone, P. J., & Hart, R. P. (1986) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2070923 · Cited by 59
Lowry, D. T. (2008) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/107769900808500301 · Cited by 56
Ottati, V., Steenbergen, M. R., & Riggle, E. D. B. (1992) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00992043 · Cited by 54
What the Words of War Can Tell Us About the Risk of War.
Hogenraad, R. L. (2005) · Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327949pac1102_2 · Cited by 53
Walzer, M. (2002) · Philosophy & Social Criticism · doi:10.1177/019145370202800602 · Cited by 51
Pennebaker, J. W., Slatcher, R. B., & Chung, C. K. (2005) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2005.00065.x · Cited by 50
Quinn, K. M., Monroe, B. L., Colaresi, M. P., Crespin, M. H., & Radev, D. (2006) · Cited by 47
Dimensional Reduction of Word-Frequency Data as a Substitute for Intersubjective Content Analysis
Simon, A. F., & Xenos, M. A. (2004) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mph004 · Cited by 46
Campaign News and Vote Intentions
Soroka, S., Bodet, M. A., Young, L., et al. (2009) · Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457280903275030 · Cited by 43
Self-citationIncorporating topic information into sentiment analysis models
Mullen, T., & Collier, N. (2004) · doi:10.3115/1219044.1219069 · Cited by 26
Determining the Semantic Orientation of Web-Based Corpora
Arno Scharl, A., Pollach, I., & Bauer, C. A. (2003) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-45080-1_116 · Cited by 26
Experiments on semantic categorisation of texts: analysis of positive and negative dimension
Bolasco, S. (2004) · IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) · Cited by 18
Interactions and Perceptions in the Test Ban Negotiations
Hopmann, P. T., & King, T. A. (1976) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3014016 · Cited by 16
Towards a validated model for affective classification of texts
Généreux, M., & Evans, R. (2006) · doi:10.3115/1654641.1654649 · Cited by 8
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 94 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Bradley M. M., 1999, Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW): Stimuli, instruction manual and affective ratings
- Grefenstette G., 2004, Exploring attitude and affect in text: Theories and applications, 93
- Hart R. P., 2000, DICTION 5.0: The text analysis program
- Huitt W., 2003, The affective system: Educational psychology interactive
- Krueger J. S., 2005, The place of prediction in politics
- Mishne G., 2005, Experiments with mood classification in blog posts
- Murphy C., 2006, The rhetorical semantics of state ballot initiative arguments in California, 1980–2004
- Nussbaum M., 2004, Hiding from humanity: Shame, disgust and the law
- Roget P. M., 1911, Roget's thesaurus of English words and phrases (supplemented electronic version)
- Tong R., 2001, Detecting and tracking opinions in online discussions
- Whissell C., 1989, Emotion: Theory and research, 113
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts
Grimmer, J., & Stewart, B. M. (2013) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mps028 · Cited by 3,297
“Scholars have long recognized this, but the massive costs of analyzing even moderately sized collections of texts have hindered their use in political science research.”
Backgroundquanteda: An R package for the quantitative analysis of textual data
Benoit, K. R., Watanabe, K., Wang, H., Nulty, P., Obeng, A., Müller, S., & Matsuo, A. (2018) · The Journal of Open Source Software · doi:10.21105/joss.00774 · Cited by 1,511
“More general textmodel functions include efficient implementations of a multinomial Naive Bayes classifier designed specifically for textual data (Manning, Raghavan, & Schütze, 2008) and latent semantic analysis (Deerwester, Dumais, Furnas, Landauer, & Harshman, 1990). quanteda also works flexibly and efficiently with…”
Good debt or bad debt: Detecting semantic orientations in economic texts
Malo, P., Sinha, A., Korhonen, P., Wallenius, J., & Takala, P. (2014) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.23062 · Cited by 513
“Most of the recent work has focused on the analysis of opinionated blog-writings and informal texts in social media (Young & Soroka, 2012; Mitrovic, Paltoglou, & Tadic, 2011; Bollen, Gonc¸alves, Ruan, & Mao, 2011; Bal-ahur, Kozareva, & Montoyo, 2009; Thelwall et al., 2012).”
BackgroundShapiro, A. H., Sudhof, M., & Wilson, D. J. (2020) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.07.053 · Cited by 477
“As mentioned above, we use this corpus both to construct, for a given emotion, both a lexical dictionary and a predictive model that can be used to measure the degree to which a piece of text exhibits that emotion. We first automatically construct lexicons that relate emotions to words and phrases that are indicative…”
Yarchi, M., Baden, C., & Kligler-Vilenchik, N. (2021) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1785067 · Cited by 437
“While the text-based sentiment analysis is unable to distinguish between specific relational attitudes, it is widely established as a suitable means for gauging evaluations of a focal actor in political discourse (Young & Soroka, 2012).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Young, L., & Soroka, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Soroka, Stuart
- ORCID
- Soroka, Stuart
- Venue
- Political Communication
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 205-231
- ISSN
- 1058-4609 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-7675
- OpenAlex
- W2072514260
- Semantic Scholar
- fa26c8c77f34e2f500af22f8dbb643fb7654b585
- Cited by
- 609
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 19.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Political Communication (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining
- Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › Computational and Text Analysis Methods
- Social Sciences › Communication › News Media Framing and Political Communication
- Keywords
- sentiment analysis, lexicon-based sentiment analysis, political news, computational text analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review