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Confirmatory factor analysis of the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport (TOQS) among adolescent athletes
Abstract
There is an inherent link between theory and measurement suggesting that validation of measures should be the first stage of theory testing. The aim of the present study was to cross-validate the factorial validity of the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport for use among adolescent athletes. National standard young athletes (Individual N = 204; Team N = 360) completed the TOQS questionnaire. Single-sample and multisample confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the psychometric integrity of the hypothesized three-factor correlated model. Multisample results demonstrated invariance for factor loadings and correlations between individual and team athletes. Internal consistency coefficients were over the .70 criterion for acceptability. Findings lend support to previous validation studies conducted on samples of adult athletes and suggest that the TOQS provides an equally valid measure for use among adolescent athletes. It is suggested that the TOQS can be used to investigate theoretical issues related to cognitive interference during competition.
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Interfering thoughts, such as task-irrelevant, self-preoccupied thinking or performance worries, can distract attention from task-relevant cues and consume cognitive resources that could be better used for task-processing.
“Interfering thoughts, such as task-irrelevant, self-preoccupied thinking or performance worries, can distract attention from task-relevant cues and consume cognitive resources that could be better used for task-processing (Lane, Harwood, & Nevill, 2005).”
From Integrated mindfulness-based intervention: Effects on mindfulness skills, cognitive interference and performance satisfaction of young elite badminton players. (2020) · cites this paper as Lane et al., 2005
A French adaptation of the TOQS (Hatzigeorgiadis & Biddle, 2000; Lane et al., 2005) was used to assess cognitive interference or thought disruption during competition.
“A French adaptation of the TOQS (Hatzigeorgiadis & Biddle, 2000; Lane et al., 2005) was used to assess the cognitive interference or thought disruption that athletes may experience during competition.”
From Integrated mindfulness-based intervention: Effects on mindfulness skills, cognitive interference and performance satisfaction of young elite badminton players. (2020) · cites this paper as Lane et al., 2005
Interfering thoughts can have debilitating effects on sport performance.
“Given that interfering thoughts can have debilitating effects on sport performance (Lane et al., 2005), the MBI programme was designed to help badminton players deal effectively with cognitive interference.”
From Integrated mindfulness-based intervention: Effects on mindfulness skills, cognitive interference and performance satisfaction of young elite badminton players. (2020) · cites this paper as Lane et al., 2005
Young elite athletes are characterised by experiencing fewer thoughts of escape.
“As Lane et al. (2005) pointed out, young elite athletes are characterised by experiencing fewer thoughts of escape.”
From Integrated mindfulness-based intervention: Effects on mindfulness skills, cognitive interference and performance satisfaction of young elite badminton players. (2020) · cites this paper as Lane et al., 2005
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lane, A. M., Harwood, C., & Nevill, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Wolverhampton (GB)
- Loughborough University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lane, Andrew M.
- Venue
- Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 245-254
- ISSN
- 1061-5806 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-2205
- OpenAlex
- W2116305732
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Anxiety Stress & Coping (publishedVersion)
- Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- youth athletes, cognitive interference, competitive anxiety, questionnaire validation, measurement invariance
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