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Underrepresentation and Symbolic Annihilation of Socially Disenfranchised Groups (“Out Groups”) in Animated Cartoons

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Klein, Hugh, Shiffman, Kenneth S.·2009·Howard Journal of Communications
DOI 10.1080/10646170802665208PMC PMC6124697
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Abstract

For many years, the mass media have been accused of providing negative and potentially-damaging messages to viewers. Some have complained that the media are replete with too much violence while others have lamented on media stereotyping of various groups. In this article, the authors examine the issues of underrepresentation and symbolic annihilation as they apply to one particular medium-namely, animated cartoons-to which people are exposed early in life, typically on a regular basis for many years. Our principal research questions are (a) To what extent do cartoons underrepresent and/or symbolically annihilate social groups that are not considered desirable in society-at-large? (b) Has underrepresentation and/or symbolic annihilation changed over time? and (c) When social "out groups" are shown, how are they depicted vis-a-vis "in groups"? To examine these questions, the authors examine portrayals based on gender, age, race, and sexual orientation. The data revealed that animated cartoons have a long history of underrepresenting and symbolically annihilating socially devalued "out groups" and that little has changed over the course of the past 65+ years. When "out group" members are included in cartoons, however, their portrayals tend not to be dramatically different-not better and not much worse-than those typical of their "in group" counterparts.

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Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. Akers R. L., 1973, Deviant behavior
  2. Cole J., 1997, The UCLA television violence report 1996
  3. Gibson C., 2002, Historical census statistics on population totals by race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic origin, 1790 to 1990, for the United States, regions, divisions, and states
  4. Lear M. W., 1968, New York Times Magazine, 24
  5. 10.2466/PR0.85.7.1051-1056 · DOI
  6. 2000, Statistical abstract of the United States
  7. White J. D., 2002, Journal of Bisexuality, 2, 41

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Metadata

Authors
Klein, H., & Shiffman, K. S.
Affiliations
  • Morgan State University (US)
  • Cable News Network (United States) (US)
Corresponding author
Klein, Hugh
ORCID
Klein, Hugh
Venue
Howard Journal of Communications
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2009-02-04
Volume
20
Issue
1
Pages
55-72
ISSN
  • 1064-6175 (ISSN-L)
  • 1096-4649
DOI
10.1080/10646170802665208
PMC
PMC6124697
OpenAlex
W2045224283
Cited by
82
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
FWCI
5.46
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Howard Journal of Communications (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R03AA009885)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Media, Gender, and Advertising
  • Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Cultural Identity and Representation
  • Social Sciences › Communication › News Media Framing and Political Communication
Keywords
animated cartoons, underrepresentation, symbolic annihilation, outgroup, ingroup, media stereotypes, gender representation, age representation, racial representation, social devaluation

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