The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 54 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: There is a gap in the research literature on the effectiveness of long-term psychoanalytic therapies (LPT). AIM: To present a systematic review of studies dealing with LPT effectiveness and published from 1970 onward. METHODS: A systematic literature search for studies dealing with the effectiveness of individual LPT in ambulatory, adult patients. Data about the overall effectiveness of LPT, its impact on symptom reduction, and its effect on personality changes were pooled both at treatment termination and at follow-up, using effect sizes (ESs) and success rates. RESULTS: We found 27 studies (n = 5063). Psychotherapy yielded large mean ESs (0.78 at termination; 0.94 at follow-up) and high mean overall success rates (64% at termination; 55% at follow-up) in moderate/mixed pathology. The mean ES was larger for symptom reduction (1.03) than for personality change (0.54). In severe pathology, the results were similar. Psychoanalysis achieved large mean ESs (0.87 at termination; 1.18 at follow-up) and high mean overall success rates (71% at termination; 54% at follow-up) in moderate pathology. The mean ES for symptom reduction was larger (1.38) than for personality change (0.76). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that LPT is effective treatment for a large range of pathologies, with moderate to large effects.
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Claims the paper makes
72 Own result · 24 Own interpretation · 22 No basis given · 21 Sources not found · 18 Own method · 14 No full text of the sources · 7 Not checked yet · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean ES was larger for symptom reduction (1.03) than for personality change (0.54).”
- Also stated in: § LPT Effect Sizes · plain
“The weighted mean ESs were 1.03 (n = 572; SD = 0.59) for symptom reduction”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
plainn = 572- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § LPT Effect Sizes · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“high mean overall success rates (64% at termination; 55% at follow-up) in moderate/mixed pathology”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
plainn = 5,063- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found 27 studies (n = 5063).”
- Also stated in: § Included Studies · plain
“In all, the studies covered 5,063 patients (3,632 in psychotherapy, and 1,431 in psychoanalysis).”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
plainn = 5,063- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Included Studies · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psychotherapy yielded large mean ESs (0.78 at termination; 0.94 at follow-up)”
- Also stated in: § LPT Effect Sizes · plain
“The weighted mean ESs were large at both termination (0.78) and follow-up (0.94).”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § LPT Effect Sizes · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The weighted mean ESs were large at both termination (0.94) and follow-up (1.02).”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > LPT Effect Sizes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found 27 studies (n = 5063).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Finally, 27 outcome studies were retrieved concerning LPT in regular ambulatory patients.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The weighted mean ESs were large at both termination (0.94) and follow-up (1.02).”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > LPT Effect Sizes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“high mean overall success rates (64% at termination; 55% at follow-up) in moderate/mixed pathology”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
plainn = 5,063- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psychotherapy yielded large mean ESs (0.78 at termination; 0.94 at follow-up)”
- Also stated in: § LPT Effect Sizes · plain
“The weighted mean ESs were large at both termination (0.78) and follow-up (0.94).”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § LPT Effect Sizes · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leaving out the one study with no results concerning personality change and using all other ESs, the overall ES for personality change was 1.11 (n = 67; SD = 0.02).”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > LPT Effect Sizes
plainn = 67- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 44
- The quote only partly states this claim. 6
- It may state two separate claims as one. 35
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Shadish and colleagues 89 did not find a significant correlation between the degree of clinical representativeness (i.e., RCTs vs. naturalistic studies) and the size of effects reported in studies of psychotherapy.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Limitations
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [89] 89. Kunz R, Oxman AD. The unpredictability paradox: review of empirical comparisons of randomised and non-randomised clin- ical trials. BMJ 1998;317:1185-90. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Tables 2 and 4 compare randomized with non-randomized trials and report some correlations between study quality and treatment effects, but not the claimed finding about psychotherapy. Searches for Shadish, clinical representativeness, psychotherapy, and naturalistic studies found no passage addressing that finding. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean ES for symptom reduction was larger (1.38) than for personality change (0.76).”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Six of these studies were retrospective studies, and five of them were surveys”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Study Quality
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“high mean overall success rates (71% at termination; 54% at follow-up) in moderate pathology”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In severe pathology, the results were similar.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“high mean overall success rates (71% at termination; 54% at follow-up) in moderate pathology”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the cohort studies, 16 were prospective, and 5 retrospective.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Included Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The survey by Stehle 67 was based on inquiries among therapists.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Included Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stehle 67
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Four surveys 45,51,52,54 were replications of the study by Seligman.76”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Included Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Seligman.76
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Hartman and Zepf 51 found a mean score of 237 in psychotherapy and 244 in psychoanalysis.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Outcomes of Lower-Quality Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] 51. Rudolf G, Dilg R, Grande T, et al. Effektivit ät und Effizienz psychoanalytischer Langzeittherapie: die Praxisstudie Ana- lytische Langzeitpsychotherapie [Effectiveness and efficiency of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy: the practice study of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy]. In: Gerlach A, Springer A, Schlösser A, eds. Psychoanalyse des Glaubens [Psy- choanalysis of religious belief]. Giessen: Psychosozial Verlag, 2004.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were only two studies of psychoanalysis (Table 4.3), each representing patient opinions, and resulting in a weighted mean of 61%.The studies dealt with moderate/mixed pathology.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > LPT Success Rates
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In psychoanalysis, the range was 41% to 75%, with a mean of 67%.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Outcomes of Lower-Quality Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the weighted mean ESs (0.87 at termination; 1.18 at follow-up)”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Psychoanalysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Hartman and Zepf 51 found a mean score of 237 in psychotherapy and 244 in psychoanalysis.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Outcomes of Lower-Quality Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] 51. Rudolf G, Dilg R, Grande T, et al. Effektivit ät und Effizienz psychoanalytischer Langzeittherapie: die Praxisstudie Ana- lytische Langzeitpsychotherapie [Effectiveness and efficiency of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy: the practice study of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy]. In: Gerlach A, Springer A, Schlösser A, eds. Psychoanalyse des Glaubens [Psy- choanalysis of religious belief]. Giessen: Psychosozial Verlag, 2004.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean psychotherapy success rate was 69% in the lower-quality studies and 67% in the higher-quality studies.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Comparison with Outcomes of "Lower Quality" Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients and therapists concurred in their opinions about success rates, and the assessment of changes in personality (61% and 51%, respectively) seemed to be lower than the assessment of symptom reduction (73% and 70%, respectively) (though note here, too, that the effects on personality change are based on only three studies).”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Psychoanalysis
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the percentage of large ESs (65% at termination; 69% at follow-up)”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Psychotherapy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found a large weighted ES for personality change (1.11) and no ES information about symptom reduction.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Psychotherapy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the percentage of large ESs (50% at termination; 80% at follow-up)”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Psychoanalysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For psychoanalysis, the success rates were 67% and 67%, respectively.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Comparison with Outcomes of "Lower Quality" Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We compiled the results of the 19”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“We did not find ESs for psychoanalysis in severe pathology, and only one study provided information about the success of psychoanalysis for severe pathology: 59%.69”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Psychoanalysis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [69] 69. Stevenson J, Meares R. An outcome study of psychotherapy for patients with borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:358-62.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature is not in agreement, however, on the question whether patients and therapists might overestimate therapy success.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy 19
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients and therapists do not seem to differ in their opinions about therapy success.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > CONCLUSIONS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our review of the available empirical evidence suggests that LPT is an effective treatment modality, with moderate to large effects on both symptom reduction and personality changes.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > CONCLUSIONS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Flaws included: the lack of pretreatment data (retrospective design); an overgeneral description of the patient population (e.g., stating only that the sample included patients treated in a given period); no mention of diagnoses; no detailed information about the therapies”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy 19
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LPT effectiveness has been extensively investigated, mainly by cohort studies of varying quality.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Background: There is a gap in the research literature on the effectiveness of long-term psychoanalytic therapies (LPT).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Reviews including psychoanalysis are scarce.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The list has not yet been validated beyond the consensus between the two raters (SdM and FdJ) who evaluated the quality of the studies.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Identification of Relevant Publications and Quality Assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data suggest that LPT is effective treatment for a large range of pathologies, with moderate to large effects.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
hedgeddirectn = 5,063- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although some reviews explicitly address study quality, they do not use systematic quality scores.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two reviewers checked the search results (SdM and FdJ) and requested all potentially suitable studies.They conducted independent checks of all identified studies.”
- Also stated in: § Identification of Relevant Publications and Quality Assessment · plain
“The reviewers evaluated the quality of the studies independently using a self-developed Research Quality Score (RQS; see appendix).”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Identification of Relevant Publications and Quality Assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Identification of Relevant Publications and Quality Assessment · plain
In the paper
“The results showed that 71% of the patients had a DSM-III-R personality disorder, 68% a major depressive disorder, and 57% an anxiety disorder.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Breakdown of the Results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Doidge and colleagues, 38,39
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reviews including psychoanalysis are scarce.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no systematic effort to find additional unpublished data.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Literature Search Strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any disagreements about whether a study should be included were resolved by discussion with a third member of staff (JD).”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Identification of Relevant Publications and Quality Assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In short, the more recent reviews are of good quality, but many of them do not pool the data (e.g., calculate mean ESs or mean success rates) from individual studies.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, comorbidity was high, with the modus of patients presenting three disorders.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Breakdown of the Results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Doidge and colleagues, 38,39
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, since any particular ES expresses a particular degree of relative change, the amount of change in different studies-on different scales in different populationscan be compared.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness Data and Calculations of Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Probably because of the broad range of these studies, Fonagy did not pool the data or aim to reach general conclusions.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18] 18. Fonagy P. An open door review of outcome studies in psycho- analysis. 1999. http://www.ipa.org.uk/R-outcome.htm
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since this cut-off score was ultimately arbitrary, we also evaluated the studies falling below the cutoff score”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Identification of Relevant Publications and Quality Assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The metaanalysis concentrated on psychotherapy and did not address psychoanalysis.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Leichsenring and Rabung 22
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Fonagy's Open Door Review 18 described the study designs and outcomes of scores of LPT studies.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18] 18. Fonagy P. An open door review of outcome studies in psycho- analysis. 1999. http://www.ipa.org.uk/R-outcome.htm
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Its criteria, which are based on those postulated by the Cochrane Collaboration 29 and by Leichsenring, 21 deal with study design, patients included, interventions, outcome data, statistics, dropout, and follow-up.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Identification of Relevant Publications and Quality Assessment
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cochrane Collaboration 29
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Leichsenring, 21
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In moderate/mixed pathology, the overall success rates (64% at termination; 55% at follow-up), the percentage of large ESs (65% at termination; 69% at follow-up), and the weighted mean ESs (0.78 at termination; 0.94 at follow-up) indicate substantial effectiveness, which was maintained for years after treatment termination.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Psychotherapy
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The studies included in the review are sufficiently comparable in patient populations, settings, and therapies for their results to be pooled into overall success rates and effect sizes.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In severe pathology, taking into consideration that the results mainly related to personality pathology, the percentage of large ESs (46% at termination; 56% at follow-up) and the weighted mean ESs (0.94 at termination; 1.02 at follow-up) were certainly not inferior to those in moderate/mixed pathology.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Psychotherapy
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In moderate/mixed pathology, the overall success rates (71% at termination; 54% at follow-up), the percentage of large ESs (50% at termination; 80% at follow-up), and the weighted mean ESs (0.87 at termination; 1.18 at follow-up) indicated substantial effectiveness, which was maintained for years after treatment termination.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Psychoanalysis
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The studies included in the review are sufficiently comparable in patient populations, settings, and therapies for their results to be pooled into overall success rates and effect sizes.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As with the results for moderate/mixed pathology, success rates for personality change seemed lower than for symptom reduction.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Psychotherapy
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This result accords with the findings in the literature and the findings of clinicians that personality change is harder to achieve than symptom reduction.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Additional Comments
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Our findings concur with those of Lipsey and Wilson, 77 who concluded on the basis of 27 meta-analyses that the ESs of studies of varying methodological quality did not differ significantly.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Comparison with Outcomes of "Lower Quality" Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [77] 77. Wilczek A, Berber, JP Gustavson JP, Asberg M, Weinryb RM. Change after long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2004;52:1163-84.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As only a few studies presented data on severe pathology, our findings were mainly suggestive.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Psychotherapy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The comparability of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis remains unresolved; in our opinion, our findings do not allow for valid comparisons of the relative effectiveness of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Additional Comments
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that 50% of the patients would recover after 1.3 years (or 92 sessions), and 75% by 2.2 years (or 216 sessions).”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Additional Comments
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [79] 79. Lipsey MW, Wilson DB. The efficacy of psychological, edu- cational, and behavioral treatment: confirmation from meta- analyses. Am Psychol 1993;48:1181-209.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In addition, they also seem to have found lower ESs for personality functioning (0.78) than for symptoms (target problems, 1.54; psychiatric symptoms, 0.91).”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Psychotherapy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] 22. Leichsenring, F, Rabung, S. Effectiveness of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008;300:1551-65. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“patients and therapists have much more exposure than independent observers to the relevant field of observation.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy 19
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“He pointed out that the personality characteristics of patients who opt for long-term psychoanalytic therapy differ from those of patients preferring other therapies.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. Leichsenring F. Are psychodynamic and psychoanalytic ther- apies effective? A review of empirical data. Int J Psychoanal 2005;86:841-68.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Concato and colleagues 88 compared the results of RCTs to those of cohort studies dealing with the same interventions for five different somatic disorders.Analyses of 72 metaanalyses of RCTs, 24 meta-analyses of cohort or case-control studies, and 6 meta-analyses involving both designs showed that the results of the observational studies were remarkably close to those of RCTs.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] 88. Sacks H, Chalmers TC, Smith H Jr. Randomized versus histor- ical controls for clinical trials. Am J Med 1982;72:33-40. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some of the pooled results are based on only a few studies, and in some cases the results of only one study are mentioned.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy 19
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For lack of the original data, we could not calculate mean ESs based on the original means and standard deviations.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy 19
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Leichsenring 20 has cogently argued that when studying long-term treatments, it is not possible to maintain a waiting list of untreated patients, to apply manualized treatments, or to create equal treatment conditions.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. Leichsenring F. Are psychodynamic and psychoanalytic ther- apies effective? A review of empirical data. Int J Psychoanal 2005;86:841-68.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many have also tried briefer therapies, apparently to no avail.38,39”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy 19
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] 38. Doidge N, Simon B, Brauer L, et al. Psychoanalytic patients in the US, Canada, and Australia: I. DSM-III-R disorders, indica- tions, previous treatment, medications and length of treatment. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2002;50:575-614. source
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. Doidge N, Simon B, Lancee WJ, et al. Psychoanalytic patients in the US, Canada, and Australia: II. A DSM-III-R validation study. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2002;50:615-27.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but such scales do not provide the same information as detailed questionnaires; they are simple instruments that often demand considerable clinical competence to generate reliable information.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy 19
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, according to psychoanalytic diagnostic criteria, the patient group shows more actual homogeneity.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All patients in the included studies were appropriately indicated for psychoanalytic therapy.
In the paper
“It has been extensively argued 21,76,[83][84][85] that it is difficult to conduct RCTs of long-term therapies (be they psychological or somatic).”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 21,76,[83][84][85]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In an effort to safeguard quality, we devised a 24-item Research Quality Score inspired by the criteria put forward by Leichsenring 21 and by the Cochrane Collaboration.29”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy 19
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Leichsenring 21
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Cochrane Collaboration.29
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“independent observers are less invested in the treatment and might therefore be less biased in their judgment of results.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy 19
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have tried to enhance the comparability of the studies included by restricting our search to individual therapy in adult, ambulant patients, by distinguishing between moderate/mixed and severe pathology, and by applying a quality criterion.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We defined an admittedly arbitrary cutoff point, and the list has not been validated.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy 19
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our decisions to categorize measures as involving symptom reduction versus personality changes may be debated.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy 19
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we were limited to a simple calculation of the average of the ESs reported in the individual studies.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy 19
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The authors concluded:”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] 90. Concato J, Shah N, Horwitz RI. Randomised controlled trials, observational studies and the hierarchy of research designs. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1887-92. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the quality of any reviewincluding this one-depends heavily on the quality of the studies included.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy 19
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the statistical analyses we performed were rather simple.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy 19
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rigorousness of our quality check could therefore, in this respect, be amenable to improvement.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy 19
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second limitation is that our review pools data from studies that were conducted in different countries and settings, at different times, and for different patients, and that used nonmanualized therapies (i.e., ones that, despite being psychoanalytic, undoubtedly have different features).”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
All patients in the included studies were appropriately indicated for psychoanalytic therapy.
“After all, all patients were indicated, presumably on solid grounds, for psychoanalytic therapy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The studies included in the review are sufficiently comparable in patient populations, settings, and therapies for their results to be pooled into overall success rates and effect sizes.
“A second limitation is that our review pools data from studies that were conducted in different countries and settings, at different times, and for different patients, and that used nonmanualized therapies (i.e., ones that, despite being psychoanalytic, undoubtedly have different features).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Moderate changes in personality are clinically significant in terms of quality of life and relapse prevention.
“but moderate changes in personality may be more significant clinically in terms of quality of life and relapse prevention.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Psychoanalysis
“Patients and therapists concurred in their opinions about success rates, and the assessment of changes in personality (61% and 51%, respectively) seemed to be lower than the assessment of symptom reduction (73% and 70%, respectively)”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Harv Rev Psychiatry Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam on 11/29/10
“Personality 0.54 (n = 7) 59% (n = 5) 57% (n = 2) 0.76 (n = 4) 61% (n = 2) NA Severe pathology (only PDs) (n = 3) (n = 1) (n = 3) a Symptoms NA 76% (n = 1) 79% (n = 1) a NA NA NA Personality 1.11 (n = 2) NA 51% (n = 3) a NA NA NA”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > LPT Success Rates
“Grande et al. (2006) 49 Rudolf et al. (2004) 50 Cohort, prospective RQS: 48 Psychotherapy (27) Psychoanalysis (31)”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > LPT Success Rates
“TABLE 2.3.Psychoanalysis Effect Sizes for Studies with Moderate/Mixed Pathology Pre/post a Pre-follow-up Mean ES Study n Scale: P/S b Small Medium Large Small Medium Large Post Follow-up Grande et al. (2006) 49 32”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Weber et al. (1985) 74 36 CGI 96% NA Total Mean Range 610 70% 57%-96%”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > LPT Success Rates
Reported 610 · recomputed 654
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > Psychotherapy
“TABLE 5.2.Outcomes of Excluded Studies: Psychoanalysis A. Changes in Scores n Pre Post Follow-up Pre/post Pre-follow-up D ührssen (1986) 43 60 Symptoms (GB)”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > LPT Success Rates
“D ührssen (1986) 43 Cohort, prospective RQS: 24 Psychotherapy (60) Psychoanalysis (30)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“The remaining 73 articles were retrieved, and a further exclusion of 46 studies followed in the second round.”
§ The Effectiveness of Long-Term Psychoanalytic Therapy: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies > RESULTS
Reported 73 · recomputed 70
Citations
Cites
(1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 8,899
Randomized, Controlled Trials, Observational Studies, and the Hierarchy of Research Designs
Concato, J., Shah, N., & Horwitz, R. I. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200006223422507 · Cited by 3,563
A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials.
Benson, K., & Hartz, A. J. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200006223422506 · Cited by 2,347
Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.12.1181 · Cited by 2,033
Unraveling the mystery of health
Antonovsky, A. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,967
Assessment of social adjustment by patient self report.
Weissman, M. M. (1976) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770090101010 · Cited by 1,782
The effectiveness of psychotherapy: The Consumer Reports study.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.50.12.965 · Cited by 1,626
The effectiveness of psychotherapy: the Consumer Reports study
Seligman, M. E. P. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.50.12.965 · Cited by 1,608
Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.10.1563 · Cited by 1,416
Giesen-Bloo, J., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., van Tilburg, W., Dirksen, C., van Asselt, T., Kremers, I., Nadort, M., & Arntz, A. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.649 · Cited by 1,248
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Coriat, 1917, Some statistical results of the psychoanalytic treatment of the psychoneuroses., Psychoanal Rev, 4, 209
- Doidge, 2001, Is psychoanalysis effective., Econ Neurosci, 3, 41
- Duhrssen, 1986, Dynamische Psychotherapie, Psychoanalyse und analytische Gruppenpsychotherapie im Vergleich., Z Psychosom Med, 32, 161
- Heinzel, 1998, Ambulante analytische Einzel- und Gruppenpsychotherapie in ein der bundesweiten katamnestischen Evaluationsstudie., Gruppenpsychotherapie und Gruppendynamik, 34, 135
- Holm-Hadulla, 1997, Zur Effektivitat tiefenpsychologisch fundierter Kurz- und Psychotherapien., Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol, 47, 271
- von Rad, 1998, Psychotherapie und Psychoanalyse in der Krankenversorgung: Ergebnisse des Heidelberger Katamnese-Projektes., Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol, 48, 88
- Heuft, 1996, Langzeitoutcome ambulanter psychoanalytischer Psychotherapien und Psychoanalysen. Ein textinhaltsanalytische Untersuchung von 53 Katamneseinterviews., Forum der Psychoanalyse, 12, 342
- Rudolf, 1994, Ergebnisse psychoanalytischer Therapien., Z Psychosom Med, 40, 25
- Kernberg, 1972, Psychotherapy and psychoanalysisthe final report of the Menninger Foundations Psychotherapy Research Project., Bull Menninger Clin, 36, 1
- Weber, 1985, Factors associated with outcome of psychoanalysis: a report of the Colombia Psychoanalytic Center Research Project (II)., Int Rev Psychoanal, 12, 127
- Bachrach, 1985, Factors associated with the outcome of psychoanalysis (clinical and methodological considerations): report of the Colombian Psychoanalytic Center Research Project (IV)., Int Rev Psychoanal, 12, 379
- Weber, 1985, Factors associated with outcome of psychoanalysis: a report of the Colombia Psychoanalytic Center Research Project (III)., Int Rev Psychoanal, 12, 251
- Wallerstein, 1999, Comment on Gunderson and Gabbert., J Am Psychoanal Assoc, 47, 728
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy
Shedler, J. (2010) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0018378 · Cited by 1,452
A meta-analysis of normal and disordered personality across the life span.
Ferguson, C. J. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018770 · Cited by 273
The Neurobiological Underpinnings of Psychoanalytic Theory and Therapy
Solms, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00294 · Cited by 174
ROAMER: roadmap for mental health research in Europe
Haro, J. M., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., Bitter, I., Demotes‐Mainard, J., Leboyer, M., Lewis, S. W., Linszen, D., Maj, M., Mcdaid, D., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1406 · Cited by 163
Psychodynamic psychotherapy for children and adolescents: a critical review of the evidence base
Midgley, N., & Kennedy, E. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/0075417x.2011.614738 · Cited by 164
Metadata
- Authors
- de Maat, S., de Jonghe, F., Schoevers, R., & Dekker, J.
- Affiliations
- Mentrum (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Dekker, Jack
- Venue
- Harvard Review of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-23
- ISSN
- 1067-3229 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2144415795
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.vumc.nl
- Locations
- Harvard Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
- Keywords
- psychotherapy effectiveness, symptom relief, personality change, treatment outcomes, follow-up outcomes, adult patients, effect size, success rate
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Long-Term Care, Personality Assessment, Psychoanalytic Therapy, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
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Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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