The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy

Shedler, Jonathan

doi:10.1037/a0018378

Cited by 1,452Psychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology ResearchPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy

Shedler, Jonathan·2010·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/a0018378

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Abstract

Empirical evidence supports the efficacy of psychodynamic therapy. Effect sizes for psychodynamic therapy are as large as those reported for other therapies that have been actively promoted as "empirically supported" and "evidence based." In addition, patients who receive psychodynamic therapy maintain therapeutic gains and appear to continue to improve after treatment ends. Finally, nonpsychodynamic therapies may be effective in part because the more skilled practitioners utilize techniques that have long been central to psychodynamic theory and practice. The perception that psychodynamic approaches lack empirical support does not accord with available scientific evidence and may reflect selective dissemination of research findings.

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The sleeper effect implies psychoanalytic therapy initiates ongoing processes of change that continue after therapy ends.
“This phenomenon, known as the “sleeper effect,” implies that psychoanalytic therapy initiates ongoing processes of change that continue to evolve even after therapy has ended (121).”
From Psychoanalytically informed MDMA-assisted therapy for pathological narcissism: a novel theoretical approach (2025) · cites this paper as [121]
Psychoanalytic therapy effect sizes range from 0.78 to 1.46, comparable to or exceeding other evidence-based treatments.
“Its effect sizes range from 0.78 to 1.46, comparable to or even exceeding those of other evidence-based treatments (120, 121).”
From Psychoanalytically informed MDMA-assisted therapy for pathological narcissism: a novel theoretical approach (2025) · cites this paper as [121]
Benefits of psychoanalytic therapy endure and effect size may increase over time, reaching up to 1.51 at long-term follow-up.
“Research suggests that the benefits of psychoanalytic therapy not only endure, but its effect size may actually increase over time, reaching up to 1.51 at long-term follow-up (120, 121).”
From Psychoanalytically informed MDMA-assisted therapy for pathological narcissism: a novel theoretical approach (2025) · cites this paper as [121]

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Dynamic systems theory as a paradigm for the study of change in psychotherapy: An application to cognitive therapy for depression.
Hayes, A. M., & Strauss, J. L. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.66.6.939 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Active placebos versus antidepressants for depression (Review)
Moncrieff, J., Wessely, S. C., & Hardy, R. (2004) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Dynamic systems theory as a paradigm for the study of change in psychotherapy: An application to cognitive therapy for depression.
Hayes, A. M., & Strauss, J. L. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.6.939 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Relative efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression: A meta-analysis
de Maat, S. C. M., Dekker, J., Schoevers, R. A., & de Jonghe, F. (2006) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300600756402 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The impending death of psychoanalysis.
Bornstein, R. F. (2001) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/0736-9735.18.1.2 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
SHORT-TERM PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR DEPRESSION: AN EXAMINATION OF STATISTICAL, CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT, AND TECHNIQUE-SPECIFIC CHANGE
Hilsenroth, M. J., ACKERMAN, S. J., Blagys, M. D., Baity, M. R., & Mooney, M. A. (2003) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000071582.11781.67 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Effectiveness of targeting the vulnerability factors of depression in cognitive therapy.
Hayes, A. M., Castonguay, L. G., & Goldfried, M. R. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.3.623 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Psychodynamic Measures of Therapeutic Change
Blatt, S. J., & Auerbach, J. S. (2003) · Psychoanalytic Inquiry · doi:10.1080/07351692309349034 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Assessing Personality Change in Psychotherapy With the SWAP–200: A Case Study
Lingiardi, V., Shedler, J., & Gazzillo, F. (2006) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8601_04 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Long-term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: A Meta-analysis
Leichsenring, F. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.300.13.1551 · Cited by 65 · cited 4× · see citing works
“A meta-analysis reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association (Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008) compared longterm psychodynamic therapy (" 1 year or 50 sessions) with shorter term therapies for the treatment of complex mental disorders (defined as multiple or chronic mental disorders, or personality disorder…”
BackgroundInfluential
Back to the Future: Personality Structure as a Context for Psychopathology.
Westen, D., Gabbard, G. O., & Blagov, P. S. (2006) · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The Verdict on Freud
Crews, F. (1996) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00331.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Therapist Variables That Predict Symptom Change in Psychotherapy With Chronically Depressed Outpatients.
Vocisano, C., Klein, D. N., Arnow, B. A., Rivera, C., Blalock, J. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Vivian, D., Markowitz, J. C., Kocsis, J. H., Manber, R., et al. (2004) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.41.3.255 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
EBP ≠ EST: Reply to Crits-Christoph et al. (2005) and Weisz et al. (2005).
Westen, D., Novotny, C. M., & Thompson‐Brenner, H. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.3.427 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The centrality of emotion to psychological change.
Burum, B., & Goldfried, M. R. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00100.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Psychoanalytic books--reviews and discussions: Enrico Jones (2000). Therapeutic action: A guide to psychoanalytic therapy. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson
Auerbach, J. S. (2002) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e302372005-015 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Clinician reports of personality pathology of patients beginning and patients ending psychoanalysis
Cogan, R., & Porcerelli, J. H. (2005) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608305x28727 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Treatment of depression with antidepressants is primarily a psychological treatment.
Ankarberg, P., & Falkenström, F. (2008) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0013309 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Evidence-based treatment of personality dysfunction: Principles, methods, and processes.
(2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12130-000 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Analyzing Effectiveness of Long-term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy—Reply
Leichsenring, F. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.181 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Patients' attitudes toward behavior therapy and psychotherapy
Sloane, B., Staples, F. R., Whipple, K. Z. W., & Cristol, A. H. (1977) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.134.2.134 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Access To Psychoanalytic Ideas in American Undergraduate Institutions
Redmond, J. D., & Shulman, M. E. (2008) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/0003065108318639 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The psychiatrist his training and development : report
Whitehorn, J. C. (1953) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Psychoanalysis in the undergraduate curriculum: The treatment of psychoanalytic theory in abnormal psychology texts.
Bornstein, R. F. (1988) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0085122 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Validating and demystifying subliminal psychodynamic activation.
Weinberger, J. L. (1992) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Evidence-based psychodynamic therapy with personality disorders.
Messer, S. B., & Abbass, A. A. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12130-004 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A Tumbling Ground for Whimsies?
Kihlstrom, J. F. (1999) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/002064 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Analyzing effectiveness of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Thombs, B., Bassel, M., & Jewett, L. (2009) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.177 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

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Lifestyle and mental health.
WALSH, R. N. (2011) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0021769 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal, and the process of change in psychotherapy: New insights from brain science
Lane, R. D., Ryan, L., Nadel, L., & Greenberg, L. S. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14000041 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
An overview of and recommendations for more accessible digital mental health services
Lattie, E. G., Stiles-Shields, C., & Graham, A. K. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-021-00003-1 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Synchrony in Psychotherapy: A Review and an Integrative Framework for the Therapeutic Alliance
Koole, S. L., & Tschacher, W. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00862 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
“The alliance has remained a major focus in contemporary psychoanalytic approaches, which regard the patient-therapist relationship as a bond that can become deeply meaningful and highly emotionally charged for the patient (Shedler, 2010).”
Background
Expanding the lens of evidence-based practice in psychotherapy: A common factors perspective.
Laska, K. M., Gurman, A. S., & Wampold, B. E. (2014) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0034332 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
The efficacy of non-directive supportive therapy for adult depression: A meta-analysis
Cuijpers, P., Driessen, E., Hollon, S. D., van Oppen, P., Barth, J., & Andersson, G. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.01.003 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Current Definitions of “Transdiagnostic” in Treatment Development: A Search for Consensus
Sauer-Zavala, S., Gutner, C. A., Farchione, T. J., Boettcher, H. T., Bullis, J. R., & Barlow, D. H. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.09.004 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Internet-Delivered Psychological Treatments for Mood and Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of Their Efficacy, Safety, and Cost-Effectiveness
Arnberg, F. K., Linton, S. J., Hultcrantz, M., Heintz, E., & Jonsson, U. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098118 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Explaining the Persistence of Gender Inequality: The Work–family Narrative as a Social Defense against the 24/7 Work Culture
Padavic, I., Ely, R. J., & Reid, E. M. (2019) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0001839219832310 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Why many clinical psychologists are resistant to evidence-based practice: Root causes and constructive remedies
Lilienfeld, S. O., Ritschel, L. A., Lynn, S. J., Cautin, R. L., & Latzman, R. D. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.008 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies for common mental disorders
Abbass, A. A., Kisely, S. R., Town, J. M., Leichsenring, F., Driessen, E., de Maat, S. C. M., Gerber, A. J., Dekker, J., Rabung, S., Rusalovs'ka, S., et al. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004687.pub4 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Is the alliance really therapeutic? Revisiting this question in light of recent methodological advances.
Zilcha-Mano, S. (2017) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0040435 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Criminality: How Long Must We Live before We Possess Our Own Lives?
Reavis, J. A., Looman, J., Franco, K. A., & Rojas, B. (2013) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/12-072 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
How much psychotherapy is needed to treat depression? A metaregression analysis
Cuijpers, P., Huibers, M., Daniel Ebert, D., Koole, S. L., & Andersson, G. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.030 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Historical and philosophical bases of the cognitive-behavioral therapies.
Dobson, K. S., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2019) · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Debunking Myths and Urban Legends About Meta-Analysis
Aguinis, H., Pierce, C. A., Bosco, F. A., Dalton, D. R., & Dalton, C. M. (2010) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428110375720 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
The effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapies: An update
Fonagy, P. (2015) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20235 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Psychodynamic therapy: as efficacious as other empirically supported treatments? A meta-analysis testing equivalence of outcomes
Steinert, C., Munder, T., Rabung, S., Hoyer, J., & Leichsenring, F. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010057 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Pragmatic randomized controlled trial of long‐term psychoanalytic psychotherapy for treatment‐resistant depression: the Tavistock Adult Depression Study (TADS)
Fonagy, P., Rost, F., Carlyle, J., McPherson, S., Thomas, R., Pasco Fearon, R. M., Goldberg, D., & Taylor, D. (2015) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20267 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Mistreating Psychology in the Decades of the Brain
Miller, G. A. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610388774 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Changes in Prefrontal-Limbic Function in Major Depression after 15 Months of Long-Term Psychotherapy
Buchheim, A., Viviani, R., Kessler, H., Kächele, H. U., Cierpka, M., Roth, G., George, C. C., Kernberg, O. F., Bruns, G. J., & Taubner, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033745 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
The brain's emotional foundations of human personality and the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales
Davis, K. L., & Panksepp, J. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.004 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries affected by humanitarian crises
Purgato, M., Gastaldon, C., Papola, D., van Ommeren, M., Barbui, C., & Tol, W. A. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011849.pub2 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Why does depression hurt? Ancestral primary process separation-distress (PANIC/GRIEF) and diminished brain reward (SEEKING) processes in the genesis of depressive affect
Panksepp, J., & Watt, D. (2011) · Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes · doi:10.1521/psyc.2011.74.1.5 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Renfro-Michel, E., & Burlew, L. D. (2026) · Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision · doi:10.7729/00.5277 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Resistance to treatment and change in anorexia nervosa: a clinical overview
Daga, G. A., Amianto, F., Delsedime, N., Bacco, C. D., & Fassino, S. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-294 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Personality-informed interventions for healthy aging: Conclusions from a National Institute on Aging work group.
Chapman, B. P., Hampson, S., & Clarkin, J. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034135 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Why Ineffective Psychotherapies Appear to Work: A Taxonomy of Causes of Spurious Therapeutic Effectiveness
Lilienfeld, S. O., Ritschel, L. A., Lynn, S. J., Cautin, R. L., & Latzman, R. D. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614535216 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
An Evolutionary Framework to Understand Foraging, Wanting, and Desire: The Neuropsychology of the SEEKING System
Wright, J. S., & Panksepp, J. (2012) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2012.10773683 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
A quality-based review of randomized controlled trials of psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Gerber, A., Kocsis, J., Milrod, B., Roose, S., Barber, J., Thase, M., Perkins, P. S., & Leon, A. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.08060843 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The Neurobiological Underpinnings of Psychoanalytic Theory and Therapy
Solms, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00294 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The 2011 Leona Tyler Award Address: The Relationship—and Its Relationship to the Common and Specific Factors of Psychotherapy
Wampold, B. E., & Budge, S. L. (2012) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000011432709 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Psychodynamic psychotherapy for children and adolescents: a critical review of the evidence base
Midgley, N., & Kennedy, E. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/0075417x.2011.614738 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Case studies within a mixed methods paradigm: Toward a resolution of the alienation between researcher and practitioner in psychotherapy research.
Dattilio, F. M., Edwards, D. J. A., & Fishman, D. B. (2010) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0021181 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Cognitive-behavioral therapy versus other therapies: Redux
Baardseth, T. P., Goldberg, S. B., Pace, B. T., Wislocki, A. P., Frost, N. D., Siddiqui, J. R., Lindemann, A. M., Kivlighan, D. M., Laska, K. M., Re, A. C. D., et al. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.004 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Outcome Research
Abbass, A. A., Town, J. M., & Driessen, E. (2012) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673229.2012.677347 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
In pursuit of truth: A critical examination of meta-analyses of cognitive behavior therapy
Wampold, B. E., Flückiger, C., Re, A. C. D., Yulish, N. E., Frost, N. D., Pace, B. T., Goldberg, S. B., Miller, S. D., Baardseth, T. P., Laska, K. M., et al. (2016) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1249433 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Improving mood with psychoanalytic and cognitive therapies (IMPACT): a pragmatic effectiveness superiority trial to investigate whether specialised psychological treatment reduces the risk for relapse in adolescents with moderate to severe unipolar depression: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Goodyer, I. M., Tsancheva, S., Byford, S., Dubicka, B., Hill, J., Kelvin, R. G., Reynolds, S. A., Roberts, C., Senior, R., John Suckling, A., et al. (2011) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-175 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis of Short-Term Psychodynamic Models
Abbass, A. A., Rabung, S., Leichsenring, F., Refseth, J. S., & Midgley, N. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.014 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Psychotherapeutic interventions for depressed, low-income women: A review of the literature
Levy, L. B., & O'Hara, M. W. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.006 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The Efficacy of Hypnosis as a Treatment for Anxiety: <i>A Meta-Analysis</i>
Valentine, K. E., Milling, L. S., Clark, L. J., & Moriarty, C. L. (2019) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2019.1613863 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Where Is the Evidence for “Evidence-Based” Therapy?
Shedler, J. (2018) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2018.02.001 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Psychoanalytic theory and cultural competence in psychotherapy.
Tummala–Narra, P. (2016) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14800-000 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Do therapists' subjective variables impact on psychodynamic psychotherapy outcomes? A systematic literature review
Lingiardi, V., Muzi, L., Tanzilli, A., & Carone, N. (2018) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2131 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Recognition of psychotherapy effectiveness: The APA resolution.
Campbell, L. F., Norcross, J. C., Vásquez, M. J. T., & Kaslow, N. J. (2013) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0031817 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Improving the yield of psychotherapy research
Silberschatz, G. (2015) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2015.1076202 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
A terror management perspective on the role of death-related anxiety in psychological dysfunction
Maxfield, M., John, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (2014) · The Humanistic Psychologist · doi:10.1080/08873267.2012.732155 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Parental autonomy support and discrepancies between implicit and explicit sexual identities: Dynamics of self-acceptance and defense.
Weinstein, N., Ryan, W. S., DeHaan, C. R., Przybylski, A. K., Legate, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026854 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The Empirical Status of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy - An Update: Bambi's Alive and Kicking
Leichsenring, F., Leweke, F., Klein, S., & Steinert, C. (2015) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000376584 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Beyond “ESTs”: Problematic assumptions in the pursuit of evidence-based practice.
Wachtel, P. L. (2010) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020532 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
A Historical Analysis of Evidence-Based Practice in Social Work: The Unfinished Journey toward an Empirically Grounded Profession
Okpych, N. J., & Yu, J. L.-H. (2014) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/674969 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Psychosocial interventions for psychostimulant misuse
Minozzi, S., Saulle, R., Crescenzo, F. D., & Amato, L. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011866.pub2 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A review of primary care interventions to improve health outcomes in adult survivors of adverse childhood experiences
Korotana, L. M., Dobson, K. S., Pusch, D., & Josephson, T. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.007 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Reports of Recovered Memories of Abuse in Therapy in a Large Age-Representative U.S. National Sample: Therapy Type and Decade Comparisons
Patihis, L., & Pendergrast, M. H. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618773315 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The Current State of the Empirical Evidence for Psychoanalysis
de Maat, S. C. M., de Jonghe, F., de Kraker, R., Leichsenring, F., Abbass, A. A., Luyten, P., Barber, J. P., Van, R., & Dekker, J. (2013) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0b013e318294f5fd · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Comparative Effectiveness of Cognitive Therapy and Dynamic Psychotherapy for Major Depressive Disorder in a Community Mental Health Setting
Gibbons, M. B. C., Gallop, R., Thompson, D., Luther, D., Crits-Christoph, K., Jacobs, J., Yin, S., & Crits-Christoph, P. F. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1720 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The effectiveness of psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bastien, R. J., Jongsma, H. E., Kabadayi, M., & Billings, J. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720002007 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Outcome of Psychoanalytic and Cognitive-Behavioural Long-Term Therapy with Chronically Depressed Patients: A Controlled Trial with Preferential and Randomized Allocation
Leuzinger‐Bohleber, M., Hautzinger, M., Fiedler, M., Keller, W., Bahrke, U., Kallenbach, L., Kaufhold, J., Ernst, M., Negele, A., Schoett, M. J. S., et al. (2018) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743718780340 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Augmentation of Extinction and Inhibitory Learning in Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders
Lebois, L. A. M., Seligowski, A. V., Wolff, J. D., Hill, S. B., & Ressler, K. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095634 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Treatment differences in the therapeutic relationship and introject during a 2-year randomized controlled trial of dialectical behavior therapy versus nonbehavioral psychotherapy experts for borderline personality disorder.
Bedics, J. D., Atkins, D. C., Comtois, K. A., & Linehan, M. M. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026113 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Psychological therapies for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Pollok, J., van Agteren, J. E., Esterman, A. J., & Carson‐Chahhoud, K. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012347.pub2 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Surprise” and the Bayesian Brain: Implications for Psychotherapy Theory and Practice
Holmes, J. A., & Nolte, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00592 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The Integrative Process
Weinstein, N., Przybylski, A., & Ryan, R. M. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412468001 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The scientific standing of psychoanalysis
Solms, M. (2018) · BJPsych International · doi:10.1192/bji.2017.4 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Premature termination in psychotherapy: Strategies for engaging clients and improving outcomes.
Swift, J. K., & Greenberg, R. P. (2014) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14469-000 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Cultural competence as a core emphasis of psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
Tummala–Narra, P. (2014) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034041 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for functional somatic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of within-treatment effects
Abbass, A., Lumley, M. A., Town, J., Holmes, H., Luyten, P., Cooper, A., Russell, L., Schubiner, H., De Meulemeester, C., & Kisely, S. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110473 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Contemporary Psychoanalysis
Frie, R. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118748213.ch28 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Functional Somatic Disorders: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Abbass, A. A., Town, J. M., Holmes, H. J., Luyten, P., Cooper, A. M., Russell, L. A., Lumley, M. A., Schubiner, H. H., Allinson, J., Bernier, D. C., et al. (2020) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000507738 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Lower-dose psycholytic therapy – A neglected approach
Passie, T., Guss, J., & Krähenmann, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1020505 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Tackling maladaptive memories through reconsolidation: From neural to clinical science
Elsey, J. W. B., & Kindt, M. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.03.007 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The gap between science and practice: how therapists make their clinical decisions
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Authors: Shedler, J.
Affiliations: University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
Corresponding author: Shedler, Jonathan
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2010
Volume: 65
Issue: 2
Pages: 98-109
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/a0018378
OpenAlex: W2133566473
Cited by: 1,452
References: 133
Citations by year: 2026: 66 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 112 · 2012: 91
FWCI: 116.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords: psychodynamic psychotherapy, treatment efficacy, effect size, empirically supported treatments, evidence-based practice, research dissemination
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Humans, Physician-Patient Relations, Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome

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