Repurposing of atorvastatin emulsomes as a topical antifungal agent
Open accessAbstract
Cutaneous fungal infection therapy confronts several issues concerning skin permeation in addition to drug resistance and adverse effects of conventional drugs. The repurposing strategy is supposed to overcome some of those therapeutic obstacles. Recently, atorvastatin (ATO) revealed antifungal activity. ATO is an antihyperlipidemic drug with pH-dependent solubility, which limits skin permeation. This study aims to improve ATO antifungal activity by encapsulation in an emulsomes (EMLs) system, which seeks to ameliorate skin penetration. Therefore, multiple factors were investigated according to the One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) design to achieve the optimum formula with targeted characteristics. Minimizing particle-size and polydispersity-index, besides elevating zeta-potential (ZP) and entrapment-efficiency were the desirable responses during assessing 11 factors. The selected ATO-EMLs formula (E21) recorded 250.5 nm in particle size, polydispersity index of 0.4, ZP of –25.93 mV, and 83.12% of drug entrapped. Morphological study of E21 revealed spherical core–shell vesicles in nanosize. DSC, XRD, and FTIR were conducted to discover the physicochemical properties and confirm emulsomes formation. Optimized ATO-EMLs slowed drug release rate as only 75% of ATO was released after 72 h. Stability study recommended storage between 2 and 8 °C. The in vivo permeation study remarked a homogeneous penetration of EMLs in different skin layers. The in vivo skin irritation test revealed limited histopathological changes. The in vitro and in vivo microbiological studies demonstrated a good antifungal activity of ATO-EMLs. ATO-EMLs system improved antifungal activity as the MIC values reduced from 650 µg/mL for free ATO to 550 µg/mL for ATO-EMLs. These findings may shed light on ATO as an antifungal drug and nanosystems as a tool to support drug repurposing.
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ATV encapsulated in emulsomes (ATO-EMLs) exhibits a monodisperse distribution, a size of 250 nm, a zeta potential of approximately −25 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency exceeding 80%.
“The nanoparticles exhibited a monodisperse distribution, a size of 250 nm, a zeta potential of approximately −25 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency exceeding 80%.”
From Statins as Antifungal Agents: A Review on Drug Repurposing and Nanotechnology-Driven Delivery Strategies (2025) · cites this paper as [137]
In Results and discussion > Evaluation of ATO-EMLs (page not provided), the selected E21 formulation had a particle size of 250.5 nm, zeta potential of −25.93 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 83.12%, matching the numerical claims. The paper reports a polydispersity index of 0.4 for E21 but does not describe its size distribution as monodisperse, so that characterization is not established by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNanoencapsulated ATV in ATO-EMLs reduces the minimum inhibitory concentration against C. albicans compared to free drug, and its in vivo antifungal activity in infected albino rats is significantly greater than in untreated animals.
“Additionally, in vitro microbiological assays demonstrated that nanoencapsulated ATV reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration against C. albicans compared to the free drug.”
From Statins as Antifungal Agents: A Review on Drug Repurposing and Nanotechnology-Driven Delivery Strategies (2025) · cites this paper as [137]
ATO-EMLs provide controlled release of ATV, with 75% of the drug released after 72 h.
“The authors observed that emulsomes provided controlled release of ATV, with 75% of the drug released after 72 h.”
From Statins as Antifungal Agents: A Review on Drug Repurposing and Nanotechnology-Driven Delivery Strategies (2025) · cites this paper as [137]
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- Authors
- Eita, A. S., M. A. Makky, A., Anter, A., & Khalil, I. A.
- Affiliations
- Misr University for Science and Technology (EG)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University
- Corresponding author
- Eita, Alaa S.
- Venue
- Drug Delivery
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2022-11-25
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3414-3431
- ISSN
- 1071-7544 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-0464
- PMC
- PMC9707382
- OpenAlex
- W4310297810
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 2.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Drug Delivery (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (30084)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- atorvastatin, emulsomes, drug repurposing, topical antifungal agents, fungal skin infection, skin permeation, drug encapsulation, particle size optimization, drug release kinetics, skin irritation, antifungal activity
- MeSH terms
- Atorvastatin, Antifungal Agents, Skin, Skin Absorption, Drug Repositioning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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