Lessons From 20 Years of Human–Elephant Conflict Mitigation in Africa

Hoare, Richard

doi:10.1080/10871209.2015.1005855

Cited by 129Wildlife Ecology and ConservationWildlife-Road Interactions and ConservationRangeland and Wildlife Management

Lessons From 20 Years of Human–Elephant Conflict Mitigation in Africa

Hoare, Richard·2015·Human Dimensions of Wildlife

DOI 10.1080/10871209.2015.1005855

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Abstract

The further refinement and re-assessment of human–elephant conflict (HEC) mitigation methods that has occurred since 2003 can be summarized into biological, physical, and governance categories. The most important distinction is between those measures applied against animals and used within the conflict zone, which are mostly used in the shorter term (except some fencing), and those measures working with people in the longer term, which rely heavily on official policy and administration often situated beyond the conflict zone. Effective HEC mitigation is difficult to understand and problematic to implement; it remains a complex package of apparently disparate measures that have to be used in combination and flexibly, at different scales, for both animals and people. Future HEC mitigation will be as much an art as a science, but since we now have a solid research foundation, we can proceed with some confidence to address the inherent sociopolitical difficulties.

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The imminent threats to African elephants include both poaching and human-elephant conflict.
“The imminent threats to African elephants include both poaching and human-elephant conflict (Campbell-Staton et al., 2021; Hauenstein et al., 2022; Hoare, 2015; Maisels et al., 2013; Schlossberg et al., 2020)”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Hoare, 2015

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Authors: Hoare, R.
Corresponding author: Hoare, Richard
Venue: Human Dimensions of Wildlife
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2015-07-04
Volume: 20
Issue: 4
Pages: 289-295
ISSN: 1087-1209 (ISSN-L)
1533-158X
DOI: 10.1080/10871209.2015.1005855
OpenAlex: W1599774932
Cited by: 128
References: 13
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6
FWCI: 5.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Human Dimensions of Wildlife (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
Keywords: human-elephant conflict, conflict mitigation, elephant conservation, wildlife fencing, conflict governance, wildlife policy, human-wildlife coexistence, Africa

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Lessons From 20 Years of Human–Elephant Conflict Mitigation in Africa

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