Final Report on the Safety Assessment of BHT

Rebecca S Lanigan; Torill A Yamarik

doi:10.1080/10915810290096513

Cited by 243Carcinogens and Genotoxicity AssessmentContact Dermatitis and AllergiesDrug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of BHT

Rebecca S Lanigan, Torill A Yamarik·2002·International Journal of Toxicology

DOI 10.1080/10915810290096513

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Abstract

BHT is the recognized name in the cosmetics industry for butylated hydroxytoluene. BHT is used in a wide range of cosmetic formulations as an antioxidant at concentrations from 0.0002% to 0.5%. BHT does penetrate the skin, but the relatively low amount absorbed remains primarily in the skin. Oral studies demonstrate that BHT is metabolized. The major metabolites appear as the carboxylic acid of BHT and its glucuronide in urine. At acute doses of 0.5 to 1.0 g/kg, some renal and hepatic damage was seen in male rats. Short-term repeated exposure to comparable doses produced hepatic toxic effects in male and female rats. Subchronic feeding and intraperitoneal studies in rats with BHT at lower doses produced increased liver weight, and decreased activity of several hepatic enzymes. In addition to liver and kidney effects, BHT applied to the skin was associated with toxic effects in lung tissue. BHT was not a reproductive or developmental toxin in animals. BHT has been found to enhance and to inhibit the humoral immune response in animals. BHT itself was not generally considered genotoxic, although it did modify the genotoxicity of other agents. BHT has been associated with hepatocellular and pulmonary adenomas in animals, but was not considered carcinogenic and actually was associated with a decreased incidence of neoplasms. BHT has been shown to have tumor promotion effects, to be anticarcinogenic, and to have no effect on other carcinogenic agents, depending on the target organ, exposure parameters, the carcinogen, and the animal tested. Various mechanism studies suggested that BHT toxicity is related to an electrophillic metabolite. In a predictive clinical test, 100% BHT was a mild irritant and a moderate sensitizer. In provocative skin tests, BHT (in the 1% to 2% concentration range) produced positive reactions in a small number of patients. Clinical testing did not find any depigmentation associated with dermal exposure to BHT, although a few case reports of depigmentation were found. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel recognized that oral exposure to BHT was associated with toxic effects in some studies and was negative in others. BHT applied to the skin, however, appears to remain in the skin or pass through only slowly and does not produce systemic exposures to BHT or its metabolites seen with oral exposures. Although there were only limited studies that evaluated the effect of BHT on the skin, the available studies, along with the case literature, demonstrate no significant irritation, sensitization, or photosensitization. Recognizing the low concentration at which this ingredient is currently used in cosmetic formulations, it was concluded that BHT is safe as used in cosmetic formulations.

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Synthetic compounds such as BHA or BHT are suspected to have harmful effects on human health, and their use is discouraged.
“These synthetic compounds are, however, suspected to have harmful effects on human health, and their use is therefore discouraged [9, 10].”
From Chemical Composition, Total Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oils of the Leaves and Fruit Pulp of Annona muricata L. (Soursop) from Ghana (2019) · cites this paper as [9]

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Antioxidants: Regulatory Status
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Printing ink related chemicals, including synthetic phenolic antioxidants, organophosphite antioxidants, and photoinitiators, in printing paper products and implications for human exposure
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44-Year Retrospective Analysis of Ultraviolet Absorbents and Industrial Antioxidants in Seabird Eggs from the Canadian Arctic (1975 to 2019)
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Butylated hydroxytoluene induces dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting in mouse Leydig cell death
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Toxicity of a synthetic phenolic antioxidant, butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT), in vertebrate model zebrafish embryo ( Danio rerio )
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Authors: Lanigan, R. S., & Yamarik, T. A.
Venue: International Journal of Toxicology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-10
Volume: 21
Issue: 2_suppl
Pages: 19-94
ISSN: 1091-5818 (ISSN-L)
1092-874X
DOI: 10.1080/10915810290096513
OpenAlex: W2254762588
Cited by: 243
References: 417
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 0.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: International Journal of Toxicology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection
Keywords: butylated hydroxytoluene, percutaneous absorption, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, genotoxicity, tumor promotion, carcinogenicity, skin irritation, skin sensitization, photosensitization, depigmentation, electrophilic metabolites, glucuronide metabolites, reproductive toxicity, immune response
MeSH terms: Animals, Antioxidants, Butylated Hydroxytoluene, Clinical Trials as Topic, Consumer Product Safety, Cosmetics, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Administration Routes, Humans, Toxicity Tests

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