Cleavage theory meets Europe’s crises: Lipset, Rokkan, and the transnational cleavage
Abstract
This article argues that the perforation of national states by immigration, integration and trade may signify a critical juncture in the political development of Europe no less consequential for political parties and party systems than the previous junctures that Lipset and Rokkan detect in their classic article. We present evidence suggesting that (1) party systems are determined in episodic breaks from the past; (2) political parties are programmatically inflexible; and, (3) as a consequence, party system change comes in the form of rising parties.
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In European countries, there are longstanding territorial, religious and social class cleavages and more recent cleavages pertaining to globalization and integration with the European Union.
“In European countries, there are longstanding territorial, religious and social class cleavages and more recent cleavages pertaining to globalization and integration with the European Union333,334.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [334]
Cites
The Politics of Advanced Capitalism
(2015) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316163245 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
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Reiljan, A. (2020) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12351 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
American Affective Polarization in Comparative Perspective
Gidron, N., Adams, J., & Horne, W. (2020) · doi:10.1017/9781108914123 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts
Jost, J. T., Baldassarri, D. S., & Druckman, J. N. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Editorial: La polarización política: definición, dimensiones, medición, resultados y efectos
Llera Ramo, F. J. (2025) · Revista CENTRA de Ciencias Sociales · doi:10.54790/rccs.109 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hooghe, L., & Marks, G.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Marks, Gary
- Venue
- Journal of European Public Policy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-04-28
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 109-135
- ISSN
- 1350-1763 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-4429
- OpenAlex
- W2608726366
- Cited by
- 1,438
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 170 · 2025: 146 · 2024: 201 · 2023: 188 · 2022: 198 · 2021: 155 · 2020: 179 · 2019: 132 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 14
- FWCI
- 503.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of European Public Policy (publishedVersion)
- Cadmus - EUI Research Repository (European University Institute) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- EUENGAGE HORIZON (64928)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › European Union Policy and Governance
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Social Policy and Reform Studies
- Keywords
- cleavage theory, critical junctures, party system change, immigration, European integration, trade liberalization, political parties
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