The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The moderating effects of perceived intentionality: exploring the relationships between ideas of reference, paranoia and social anxiety in schizotypy
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Ideas of reference (IOR), paranoia and social anxiety are features of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, which appear to be conceptually related; however, the precise nature of these relationships is unclear. These relationships may be partially explained by perceived intentionality (PI), a social-cognitive bias for perceiving other people's actions during unpleasant situations as being directed at oneself in an intentionally malicious manner. Our primary aim was to examine the moderating role of PI on the relationships between IOR and paranoia, and between IOR and social anxiety amongst individuals with psychometrically defined schizotypy. METHODS: We assessed IOR, paranoia and social anxiety amongst individuals with psychometrically defined schizotypy (n = 44) and controls (n = 36) and examined the moderating effects of PI within each group. RESULTS: As hypothesised, PI moderated the relationship between IOR and paranoia such that higher PI predicted higher levels of paranoia as IOR increased. Additionally, we found that PI moderated the relationship between IOR and social anxiety such that higher PI predicted lower levels of social anxiety as IOR increased. CONCLUSION: Theoretical and practical implications are discussed including the potential for assessing PI as a proxy for paranoia when clinicians suspect a client is underreporting paranoia due to positive impression management.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For users prone to paranoia or thought disturbance, this may stabilize maladaptive appraisals rather than challenge them, effectively mirroring the cognitive mechanisms that CBTp aims to dismantle [24].”
From Delusional Experiences Emerging From AI Chatbot Interactions or “AI Psychosis” (2025) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The SPQ: A Scale for the Assessment of Schizotypal Personality Based on DSM-III-R Criteria
Raine, A. (1991) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/17.4.555 · Cited by 2,164
Morrison, A. P., French, P., Walford, L., Lewis, S. W., Kilcommons, A., Green, J., Parker, S., & Bentall, R. P. (2004) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.185.4.291 · Cited by 740
Combs, D. R., Penn, D. L., Wicher, M., & Waldheter, E. (2007) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800600787854 · Cited by 360
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 28
- 10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.025 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00106-4 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.02.010 · DOI
- 10.1521/pedi.2010.24.4.516 · DOI
- 10.1080/13546800902732970 · DOI
- 10.1017/S0033291700048017 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1348/014466500163400 · DOI
- 10.1002/cpp.438 · DOI
- 10.1093/jpepsy/27.1.87 · DOI
- 10.1037/0021-843X.115.2.195 · DOI
- Lenzenweger M. F., 2010, Schizotypy and schizophrenia: The view from experimental psychopathology
- 10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.452 · DOI
- Leon C. A., 1989, Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry, 449
- 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/h0041029 · DOI
- 10.1521/pedi.1990.4.1.1 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.015 · DOI
- 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.53 · DOI
- 10.1017/S0033291700011910 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1097/01.nmd.0000126733.38673.8f · DOI
- 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.07.007 · DOI
- Torgersen S., 1993, American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1661, 10.1176/ajp.150.11.1661 · DOI
- Wing J. K., 1974, Measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms: An instruction manual for the PSE and Catego Program
- World Health Organization, 1973, Report of the international pilot study of schizophrenia, 1
- 10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00239-X · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Delusional Experiences Emerging From AI Chatbot Interactions or “AI Psychosis”
Hudon, A., & Stip, E. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/85799 · Cited by 88
“For users prone to paranoia or thought disturbance, this may stabilize maladaptive appraisals rather than challenge them, effectively mirroring the cognitive mechanisms that CBTp aims to dismantle [24].”
Kingston, J. L., Dunford, A., Chau, A. K. C., So, S. H., & Pile, V. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.113038 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Morrison, S. C., & Cohen, A. S.
- Affiliations
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morrison, Sean C.
- ORCID
- Cohen, Alex S.
- Venue
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-07-02
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 527-539
- ISSN
- 1354-6805 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0619
- PMC
- PMC4134369
- OpenAlex
- W2032521416
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 0.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R03MH092622)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Keywords
- perceived intentionality, ideas of reference, paranoia, social anxiety, schizotypy, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, impression management, moderating effect
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Male, Paranoid Behavior, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Schizotypal Personality Disorder, Social Behavior, Thinking, Linear Models, Case-Control Studies, Intention, Young Adult, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
