Getting To Outcomes: a community-based participatory approach to preventive interventions
Abstract
Similar to how research can be improved when community members are involved (i.e., Community-based participatory research, or CBPR), this brief report argues how preventive interventions can also be so improved (i.e., Community Based Participatory Interventions or CBPI). The paper describes how to facilitate CBPI, RAND and University of South Carolina researchers developed a prevention process and corresponding technical assistance package, called Getting To Outcomes (GTO).
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Implementation process strategies target level of process.
“Targets level of process”
From Beyond “implementation strategies”: classifying the full range of strategies used in implementation science and practice (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
Numerous authors have proposed planning stages and recommended processes required to complete those stages such as assessing context, engaging stakeholders, prioritizing goals, selecting and adapting an EBI, evaluating, and sustaining integration.
“Numerous authors have proposed planning stages and recommended the processes required to complete those stages such as assessing the context, engaging key stakeholders, prioritizing goals and objectives, selecting and adapting an EBI to fit the context, evaluating processes and outcomes, and sustaining EBI integration over time [31–33].”
From Beyond “implementation strategies”: classifying the full range of strategies used in implementation science and practice (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
Implementation process strategies target how well teams execute activities required to select, adapt, and integrate EBIs generally.
“How well teams execute activities required to select, adapt, and integrate EBIs generally”
From Beyond “implementation strategies”: classifying the full range of strategies used in implementation science and practice (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
Outcomes used to assess effectiveness of implementation process strategies are extent, quality, and timeliness of the completion of activities related to specific implementation process strategies.
“Extent, quality, and timeliness of the completion of activities related to specific implementation process strategies”
From Beyond “implementation strategies”: classifying the full range of strategies used in implementation science and practice (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
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Using the Getting to Outcomes (GTO) Model in a Statewide Prevention Initiative
Chinman, M., Imm, P., Wandersman, A., Kaftarian, S. J., Neal, J., Pendleton, K. T., & Ringwalt, C. (2001) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/152483990100200408 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Leeman, J., Birken, S. A., Powell, B. J., Rohweder, C., & Shea, C. M. (2017) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-017-0657-x · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Chinman, M., Hannah, G., Wandersman, A. H., Ebener, P. A., Hunter, S. B., Imm, P., & Sheldon, J. (2005) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-005-3390-6 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“The project ( Chinman et al., 2004 ) involves employing the Getting To Outcomes (GTO) model as a capacity enhancing intervention in two community-based substance abuse prevention coalitions.”
MethodSelf-citationChinman, M., Hunter, S. B., Ebener, P., Paddock, S. M., Stillman, L., Imm, P., & Wandersman, A. (2008) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-008-9163-2 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“This GTO process is facilitated by the GTO intervention, which has three components: the GTO manual of text and tools published by the RAND Corporation, Getting to Outcomes 2004: Promoting Accountability Through Methods and Tools for Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation (Chinman et al. 2004), face-to-face training…”
MethodSelf-citationMoullin, J. C., Sabater-Hernández, D., & Benrimoj, S. I. (2016) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1689-7 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Pharmacies in Australia, appeared to pass through stages of implementation and completed many implementation activities [Table 3] as described in the literature [25, 26, 52, 53], although there was variation the order of performing and number of implementation activities completed.”
Brown, C. H., Chamberlain, P., Saldana, L., Padgett, C., Wang, W., & Cruden, G. (2014) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-014-0134-8 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“We note that a broad-based prevention support system, Getting to Outcomes (GTO), has used a non-randomized design to evaluate their implementation strategy [37] in six organizations that received GTO support contrasting these to four that did not [37-42].”
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“…to implement prevention programs and advocate for change in policies related to the prevention of health risk behaviors over the last 20 years (Butterfoss, Goodman, & Wandersman, 1996; Chinman et al., 2004; Greenberg & Feinberg, 2002; Hallfors, Cho, Livert, & Kadushin, 2002; Hawkins et al., 2008).”
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“CBPR had been widely used in education research but has also emerged as an important model for public health research (e.g., Jones, Pomeroy & Sampson, 2009; Wieland et al., 2012) and research in community psychology (e.g., Chinman et al., 2004).”
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“GTI was initially an adaptation of RAND’s GTO [25, 26, 31, 32].”
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“22 The framework will help this study identify intervention needs, define objectives and implement interventions to promote CRAM.”
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“This was adapted from a RAND program, called Getting To Outcomes , which assists with the selection, implementation, and evaluation of complex programs in the real world [18–22].”
Hitzig, S. L., Mirbaha, S., Puddicombe, N., Winston, A., Hemphill, J., Kokorelias, K. M., & Sheppard, C. L. (2026) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2026.2643747
“…which is designed to provide guidance and tools that are tailored to community needs in order to build individual capacity and program performance [27]. the goals and desired outcomes of the aiR Program were the following: the aiR resulting program consisted of an implementation specialist who…”
- Authors
- Chinman, M., Early, D., Ebener, P., Hunter, S., Imm, P., Jenkins, P., Sheldon, J., & Wandersman, A.
- Affiliations
- RAND Corporation (US)
- Lexington Richland Alcohol And Drug Abuse Council (US)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Interprofessional Care
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 441-443
- ISSN
- 1356-1820 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9567
- OpenAlex
- W1969713590
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Interprofessional Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Community Health and Development
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
- Keywords
- preventive interventions, community participation, community-based participatory research, health outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Community Participation, Humans, Interinstitutional Relations, Primary Prevention, Program Development, Substance-Related Disorders
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