The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The feedback triangle and the enhancement of dialogic feedback processes
Abstract
This article explores some of the main barriers to the enhancement of feedback processes and proposes a framework for using dialogic feedback to foster productive student learning in the discipline. The framework suggests a feedback triangle focused on the content of feedback (cognitive dimension), the interpersonal negotiation of feedback (social-affective dimension) and the organisation of feedback provision (structural dimension). The interplay between these three elements is central to prospects for the enhancement of feedback processes. Derived from the framework is a set of six key features of optimal feedback practice which we represent as building blocks of an architecture of dialogic feedback. The paper concludes with a research agenda which suggests issues to be further explored in the cognitive, social-affective and structural dimensions.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These chatbots could facilitate dialogic feedback, which is associated with improved learner productivity and engagement [45].”
From Promises and challenges of generative artificial intelligence for human learning (2024) · cites this paper as [45]
Citations
Cites
Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/003465430298487 · Cited by 12,905
Assessment and Classroom Learning
Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998) · Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice · doi:10.1080/0969595980050102 · Cited by 8,152
Nicol, D. J., & Macfarlane‐Dick, D. (2006) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075070600572090 · Cited by 5,846
Learning to Teach in Higher Education
Ramsden, P., & Ramsden, P. (2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203507711 · Cited by 5,148
Shute, V. J. (2008) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654307313795 · Cited by 4,631
Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems
Sadler, D. R. (1989) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/bf00117714 · Cited by 4,285
Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Titz, W., & Perry, R. P. (2002) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3702_4 · Cited by 3,931
Feedback and Self-Regulated Learning: A Theoretical Synthesis
Butler, D. L., & Winne, P. H. (1995) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543065003245 · Cited by 3,334
Understanding Learning and Teaching: the experience in higher education
Prosser, M., & Trigwell, K. (1999) · Cited by 2,180
Topping, K. J. (2005) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410500345172 · Cited by 1,597
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Askew S., 2000, Feedback for learning, 1
- Barnett R., 2007, Rethinking assessment in higher education, 29
- Falchikov N., 2007, Rethinking assessment in higher education, 144
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 413
Rawal, S. B. (2023) · World Journal of Education and Humanities · doi:10.22158/wjeh.v5n4p58 · Cited by 1
Spies, T. G., Falomir, G. A. C., Sarisahin, S., Deniz, F. K., & Xu, Y. (2023) · International journal of doctoral studies · doi:10.28945/5202 · Cited by 1
“Carless (2013 , p. 90) defines dialogic feedback as “interactive exchanges in which interpretations are shared, meanings negotiated, and expectations clarified .”
BackgroundMuñoz, D. R., & Araya, D. H. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Educação · doi:10.1590/s1413-24782023280123 · Cited by 16
Muste, D., & Ivanidze, T. (2023) · Educatia 21 · doi:10.24193/ed21.2023.26.04 · Cited by 1
“( Yang & Carless, 2013).”
InfluentialLifelong learning and Higher Education: New (and Old) Perspectives
Santesson, S., Andersson, S., Bjursell, C., Gleßmer, M. S., Forsyth, R., Nilsson, Å. K., Roxå, T., Andersson, C. K., Engström, L., Severinsson, E., et al. (2024) · doi:10.37852/oblu.254 · Cited by 1
Hotea, M., & Turda, E. (2024) · European Journal of Education Studies · doi:10.46827/ejes.v11i5.5312 · Cited by 2
“It is not only construct or content but also relation (Yang & Carless, 2013).”
BackgroundMartínez, T. B., & Pugés, I. D. (2024) · Lebende Sprachen · doi:10.1515/les-2024-0012 · Cited by 1
Infertility Disclosures Among Women, Men and Couples: A Systematic Literature Review
Lim, W. P. P., Tham, J. S., Osman, M. N., & Omar, S. Z. (2025) · Pertanika journal of social science & humanities · doi:10.47836/pjssh.33.1.06 · Cited by 2
Using rich media to facilitate dialogical feedback processes
Ryan, T., Henderson, M., & Phillips, M. (2017) · Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) · Cited by 1
Embedding Academic Literacies for Belonging in First Year Criminology
Ryan, J., McLean, H. V., Hamilton, G., Liston, R., Stratton, G., & Hiscock, R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9957-2_5 · Cited by 1
Dialogic feedback in online teaching
Hibert, A. I., Phillips, M., Gašević, D., Pantić, N., MacLean, J., & Tsai, Y. (2023) · ASCILITE Publications · doi:10.14742/apubs.2023.651 · Cited by 3
PEER ASSESSMENT IN ADULT EDUCATION: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Jurāne-Brēmane, A. (2019) · SOCIETY INTEGRATION EDUCATION Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference · doi:10.17770/sie2019vol5.3919 · Cited by 1
“…feedback from peers and tutors in three dimensions: cognitive dimension (self-regulation their own performance), social-affective dimension (facilitating by trust to relationships between participants), and structural dimension (strategy of using a multi-stage assignment) (Yang & Charless, 2013).”
MethodFinch, M. (2020) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.204113 · Cited by 1
Guests' Editor Introduction. María José Rochera and Anna Espasa
Rochera, M. J., & Espasa, A. (2013) · Digital Education Review · doi:10.1344/der.2013.23.1-6
Cookson, C. J. (2026) · Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) · doi:10.82444/warw.33696664
Duff, S. C., Kinmond, K., Norton, L., Eckert, C., & Pauli, R. (2014) · Psychology Learning & Teaching · doi:10.2304/plat.2014.13.1.58
Morton, L., Johnson, A. L., Williams, A. P., & Northcote, M. T. (2015)
Using Feedback Strategies to Support First-Year Students’ Independent Learning and Critical Judgment
Lee, T. T. H., & Yang, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3344-5_19
Self-citationConstructing Formative Assessment Strategies
Lam, B. H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3344-5_16 · Cited by 2
Assessment as Learning in the L2 Writing Classroom
Lee, I. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3924-9_4
Alvarez, K. S. (2016) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Wallis, R. (2017) · University of Brighton Repository (University of Brighton)
Mapplebeck, A. (2017) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Rodway, C. L. (2018) · Griffith Research Online · doi:10.25904/1912/3613
Yusuf, F. N., Rodliyah, R. S., Gunawan, M. H., & Danuwijaya, A. A. (2019) · Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN) · doi:10.2991/conaplin-18.2019.234
“The data collected were analyzed qualitatively using content analysis based on feedback triangle proposed by Yang and Carless [14] and were further discussed mainly based on reflective teaching proposed by Lewis [7] and Nunan [8].”
MethodTreloar, G. (2019) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria)
Feedback in Masters Courses and the Development of International Students’ Academic Literacy
Solano, V. G. (2018) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00180
Feedback Learning & Assessment: A Mutual Relationship
Abdullah, R. (2020) · Archives of Business Research · doi:10.14738/abr.810.9287
Decentralizing the assessment practice for student self-learning
Muñoz, D. R., & Araya, D. H. (2020) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
What is Effective Feedback? A Comparison of Views of Students and Academics
Coombes, D. (2021) · doi:10.7176/jep/12-30-04
“The main rationale for academics wanting to express their opinions regarding this was due to the ever-increasing cohort sizes and short turnaround time to provide students with in-depth feedback (Yang & Carless, 2013).”
BackgroundJournal of PGR Pedagogic Practice and the Warwick PGR Teaching Community
Patel, J. (2021) · Journal of PGR Pedagogic Practice · doi:10.31273/jppp.vol1.2021.925
Fourth Tip: Think Carefully About Assessment
Mann, L., Kiaer, J., & Çakır, E. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91418-9_5
Brownlie, E. K., Evans, A., & Horlin, C. (2022) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/y5wqz · Cited by 1
Feedback, Feedforward, or Dialogue?
Carver, M. (2019) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-0420-8.ch079
The Dialogic Nature of Meaning Making Within a Hybrid Learning Space
Horan, D. A., Hersi, A. A., & Kelsall, P. (2018) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7507-8.ch049
Assessment for Learning in the L2 Writing Classroom
Lee, I. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3924-9_3
Morton, L. M., & Reynaud, D. (2021) · TEACH Journal of Christian Education · doi:10.55254/1835-1492.1439
Teaching and Assessing for Information Literacy Learning: A United Arab Emirates Case Study
Ross, J. A. (2019) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.132446
Lopez, L. M., Girardet, C., & Naji, T. (2021) · Mesure et évaluation en éducation · doi:10.7202/1093105ar
“…research emphasizes the importance of embedding such feedback in contexts of dialogue and co-construction of meaning (e.g., Schillings et al., 2021; Yang & Carless, 2013), including negotiating the expectations, rights, and duties associated with its uses in a classroom culture designed to support…”
BackgroundUSING TEACHER-STUDENT COLLABORATIVE ASSESSMENT TO DEVELOP CHINESE EFL LEARNERS’ WRITING
Xiaomeng, Z., & Ravindran, L. (2023) · Journal of Language and Communication · doi:10.47836/jlc.10.01.05 · Cited by 1
Lahey, M. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35572-1_21
Can Online Rubrics Develop Learners' Metacognition?
Marinkova, M., & Robbins, J. (2023) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6086-3.ch014
Enita, S., & Sumardi, S. (2022) · ICONELT · doi:10.15642/iconelt.2022.3.71-80
Clark, T. R. (2023) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2023.2283841
“…is understood as utilising dialogue to support learning, but being about ‘more than conversation’ (Yang and Carless 2013) and necessarily involving aspects of shared reasoning, relationships and responsibilities (Yang and Carless 2013; Winstone et al. 2017) to go ‘beyond feedback’ (Sadler 2010).”
InfluentialPedagogiska dilemman vid anonymiserad examination och bedömning
Bergqvist, J. (2024) · Högre utbildning · doi:10.23865/hu.v13.3980
Massive Open Online Courses for Lifelong Learning
Richter, J. L., Leire, C., & McCormick, K. (2024) · doi:10.37852/oblu.254.c601
Markussen, H., & Westergren, A. (2024) · doi:10.37852/oblu.254.c604
Kunskapens rörelser i offentligheten
Östling, J. (2024) · doi:10.37852/oblu.254.c602
Interdisciplinarity and Lifelong Learning in Doctoral Education for Sustainable Development
Abdelaziz, O. Y., Gleßmer, M. S., & Sandström, I. (2024) · doi:10.37852/oblu.254.c605
Cejvan, O., Göransson, E., Mela, V. L., Markussen, H., & Schmidt, S. P. (2024) · doi:10.37852/oblu.254.c603
How to Teach Students Who Are Not Mini-Mes (and Don’t Want to Be)
Gleßmer, M. S., Forsyth, R., Nilsson, Å. K., & Roxå, T. (2024) · doi:10.37852/oblu.254.c596
Kortfilmer om kärnbegrepp och tröskelbegrepp i undervisning – exemplet grammatik
Collberg, P., & Lundin, K. (2024) · doi:10.37852/oblu.254.c599
The Traveller, the Miner and the Gardener
Qamar, A. H. (2024) · doi:10.37852/oblu.254.c598
Andersson, C. K., Engström, L., Severinsson, E., & Linkis, S. T. (2024) · doi:10.37852/oblu.254.c597
(2024) · Revista Española de Pedagogía · doi:10.22550/0034-9461.4085
Bugueño-Araya, C. (2024) · Educación Médica · doi:10.1016/j.edumed.2024.100949
“Por otra parte, el espacio físico debe generar un clima de confianza y asegurar que el estudiante exprese sus emociones sin miedo, lo que puede ayudar a apoyar sus relaciones y recepción de retroalimentación, promoviendo disposiciones positivas hacia el aprendizaje 12 .”
Falbe, K. N., Angleton, C., & Zhao, X. (2024) · Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/15505170.2024.2368583
“As the semesters continued, I eventually dropped the rubrics, and moved to a dialogic approach to grades (Hill & West, 2020; Wegerif, 2006; Yang & Carless, 2013).”
Interactive Feedback in Social Thought in Secondary EducationPreprint
Araya, D. H., & Díaz, C. V. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4893753
Geng, F., & Yu, S. (2024) · English language education · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4484-8_8
Elbra-Ramsay, C. (2024) · Research in Education · doi:10.1177/00345237241293962
“(Series 19 Week 11) Principle 4: good feedback practice encourages teacher and peer dialogue around learning The value of dialogue in feedback is well documented (Ajjawi and Boud, 2018; Carless and Boud, 2018; Walker et al., 2006; Yang and Carless, 2013).”
Lupton-Smith, A. R., Herman, N., & Schmutz, A. M. S. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-06635-8 · Cited by 1
Enhancing the structure of feedback forms increases trustworthiness and usefulness of peer feedback
Quinton, J. M., Nesbitt, L., & Bock, J. (2025) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2025.2468848 · Cited by 3
“…to be made (van Den Berg, Admiraal, and Pilot 2006b; Nicol, Thomson, and Breslin 2014; Zhu and Carless 2018). receiving feedback from peers, rather than instructors, can reduce the effect of power imbalances and negative emotions that may result from instructor feedback (Yang and Carless 2013).”
Conceptualising Student Assessment Literacy
Yang, M., Yan, Z., Yang, L., & Zhan, Y. (2025) · Springer briefs in education · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-9484-3_1 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLEWITT, M. S., & Boyd, G. W. (2025) · Journal of Biological Education · doi:10.1080/00219266.2025.2489510
“The social-affective dimension is a key component of dialogic feedback encounters (Yang and Carless 2013).”
Charoensuk, V., & Wanchid, R. (2025) · rEFLections · doi:10.61508/refl.v32i2.282179
Ntumi, S., Effrim, P. K., Yalley, C. E., Yeboah, A., Agbovor, D., Amezah, E. O., Bonsi, F. H., & Ishaaq, A.-R. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6958871/v1
Tutorías pares de escritura académica: ¿Qué estrategias promueven tutoras con diversa experiencia?
Parada, C., Errázuriz, M. C., & Cortés, J. A. (2025) · Magis Revista Internacional de Investigación en Educación · doi:10.11144/javeriana.m18.tpea
“…abordado, se negocian sentidos y se explicitan las expectati-vas, considerando las tres dimensiones involucradas en el proceso: cognitiva (el contenido), afectiva (la interacción interpersonal) y estructural (la organi-zación y gestión) (Álvarez et al ., 2022; Carless, 2022; Yang & Carless, 2013).”
Taylor, L. A., & Dekker, I. (2025) · Teaching & Learning Inquiry The ISSOTL Journal · doi:10.20343/teachlearninqu.13.42
“Feedback is a social practice involving the management of relationships which can influence learner emotions (Yang and Carless 2012).”
Hui, L., Ippolito, K., & Charalambous, M. (2025) · Teaching & Learning Inquiry The ISSOTL Journal · doi:10.20343/teachlearninqu.13.45 · Cited by 1
“From a social-relational perspective, discussing feedback with peers can reduce the power differentials and negative emotional reactions that can arise from teacher feedback (Yang and Carless 2013).”
Wu, X. M., & Zhang, L. J. (2025) · English language education · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3529-3_1
Wu, X. M., & Zhang, L. J. (2025) · English language education · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3529-3_9
Mak, P. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5783342
Learning Activities for Faculty Professional Development in Support of Collaborative Active Learning
Chan, C.-T. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80592-269-820251004
Pourdana, N., & Asghari, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14544748
Ras, T., Stander Jenkins, L., Lazarus, C., van Rensburg, J. J., Cooke, R., Senkubuge, F., N Dlova, A., Singaram, V. S., Daitz, E., Buch, E., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26636589
Ossenberg, C., Henderson, A. J., & Mitchell, M. L. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13290499
Retroalimentación para el aprendizaje de la traducción: Estudio de Caso Exploratorio
Pujols, M. D. C., & Moreno, G. A. (2024) · Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) · doi:10.15366/riee2024.17.2.0002
Grisedale, L. C. (2026) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703297.2026.2617865
From Standardised Expectations to Holistic GrowthPreprint
Binetti, G., & Leclercq, E. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8314676/v1
TATL—360° Assessment for Teaching and Learning: A Case Study in Digital Electronics Lab
Daibes, J. V. D., & Zanghi, R. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Education · doi:10.1109/te.2026.3658034
“Otherwise, feedback may be seen as irrelevant, and students may ignore or dismiss it [6], [35].”
AI-Mediated Feedback in L2 Writing: Characteristics of Prompts, AI Tools, and Learners’ Feedback Use
Kim, T. H., & Hoa, C. T. H. (2026) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-18392-7_10
A Generative Feedback System to Support Failure At-risk Online LearnersPreprint
Bañeres, D., Espasa, A., Melo, M. M., & Cortadas, P. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9538769/v1
Collaborative Learning Through Integrated Feedback Mechanisms in Digital Tools
Ngo, N. T. D., & Pham, H. C. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1732-8.ch006
Li, S., Wang, S., & Huang, Y. (2026) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703297.2026.2678377
(23143), Y. L., Guo, X., Pi, Z., Yu, Q., & Yang, J. (2026) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-026-00603-y
“Its dialogic nature also enables students to think and reason together (Yang & Carless, 2013).”
Härkki, T. (2026) · European Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/02619768.2026.2689642
REFINE: Real-World Exploration of Interactive Feedback and Student Behaviour
Fawzi, F., Neshaei, S. P., Knežević, M., Nazaretsky, T., & Käser, T. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29744-0_27
Huang, X., & Ochôa, X. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29794-5_39
Hyldahl, K. K., & Gamlem, S. M. (2026) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2026.101646 · Cited by 1
Qi, Y., Sun, D., & Zhan, Y. (2026) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2026.2693957
Gong, R., Shao, J., Li, Y., & Zhang, M. (2026) · Educational Assessment Evaluation and Accountability · doi:10.1007/s11092-026-09503-1
Abbas, N. (2026) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2026.2706016
Zhang, Y., Huang, J., Liu, Y., & Kumar, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1855025
Rodríguez, C. A. V., Gallego, N. I. B., Chiappe, A., & Muñoz-Ballier, D. (2026) · AI · doi:10.3390/ai7080303
Metadata
- Authors
- Yang, M., & Carless, D.
- Affiliations
- Education University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Yang, Min
- Venue
- Teaching in Higher Education
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 285-297
- ISSN
- 1356-2517 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-1294
- OpenAlex
- W2111497108
- Cited by
- 414
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 37.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Teaching in Higher Education (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Student Assessment and Feedback
- Social Sciences › Education › Evaluation of Teaching Practices
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Practises and Engagement
- Keywords
- dialogic feedback, feedback mechanisms, student learning, feedback architecture, barriers to feedback, university teaching
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review