Cited by 217COVID-19 and Mental HealthPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionAging and Gerontology Research

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The SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) pandemic in Hong Kong: Effects on the subjective wellbeing of elderly and younger people

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Lau, Anna L.D., Chi, Iris, Cummins, Robert A., Lee, Tatia M.C., Chou, Kee-L., Chung, Lawrence W.M.·2008·Aging & Mental Health

DOI 10.1080/13607860802380607

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the impact of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Hong Kong in 2003, on the subjective wellbeing (SWB) of elderly people and a younger comparative sample. The Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI), a contemporary instrument employed to measure SWB, was also examined for its psychometric performance to substantiate its use. METHOD: A total of 302 older adults (age 65 + years) and 158 younger adults (age 35-46 years) were recruited from different districts. Data were collected by individual face-to-face interviews. RESULT: While elderly people living in severely infected districts showed significantly lower levels of SWB, these levels and those of the younger sample were found to remain within the normative range. A major mitigating factor was an increased sense of community-connectedness. Other characteristics linked to low wellbeing levels included chronic illness, female gender, low education and unemployment. The living districts, characterized by varying extents of infection, had stronger associations with SWB than participants' age. The PWI demonstrated good psychometric performance and also more robustness with elderly people, including its sensitivity to the sense of population threat. CONCLUSION: Psychological resilience was identified among both the elderly and younger age-groups in Hong Kong during the SARS pandemic. The PWI is verified as a suitable instrument for SWB measurements.

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The silver lining behind the dark cloud: Exploring the psycho-social factors impacting successful adaptation during the COVID-19 pandemic
Singh, T., Mittal, S., Sharad, S., Bhanot, D., Das, S., Varma, R., Kaur, H., Merwal, U., Arya, Y. K., Verma, S. K., et al. (2022) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909221102207 · Cited by 2
“These psychological issues can affect the health and wellbeing of an individual as well as of the entire community and can persist even after the pandemic situation is over (Lau et al., 2008).”
Background
PARENTAL BURNOUT AND MENTAL HEALTH OF MARRIED INDIVIDUALS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
(2022) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL RESEARCH (IJPBR) · doi:10.37605/ijpbr.v2i2.29 · Cited by 2
History and Global Status of the New Coronavirus Covid-2019 and Aspects of Previous Infections of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV: A Systematic Review
da Costa, A. P. A., da Rocha, V. L., Ramos, R. R., Neto, J. M. P., da Silva, W. R., Pereira, L. L. V., Ramos, K., Marques, T. C. N., Filho, I. J. Z., & Lozano, A. W. (2021) · Coronaviruses · doi:10.2174/2666796702666210118153843 · Cited by 2
The Psychometric Properties of the French–Canadian Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-6 Scale for Measuring the Viral Anxiety of the General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Park, C. H. K., Ahmed, O., Lee, S., Suh, S. A., Chung, S., & Gouin, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.807312 · Cited by 2
KORONAVİRÜS SALGININA BAĞLI OLARAK YAŞANAN KAYGI DÜZEYLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ:
ÖZTEKİN, A. (2021) · Route Educational and Social Science Journal · doi:10.17121/ressjournal.3011 · Cited by 2
THE COGNITIVE COMPONENT OF SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Боснюк, В. Ф., & Олефір, В. О. (2021) · PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL · doi:10.31108/1.2021.7.4.6 · Cited by 1
“Склалася травмуюча ситуація, що загрожує благополуччю особистості, яке згідно досліджень (Lau et al., 2008) виступає захисним фактором майбутніх захворювань психічного здоров’я. Під психологічним благополуччям в широкому значенні розуміється складний комплекс емоційних переживань: задоволеність…”
Adapting to Change: The Positive and Negative Academic Outcomes of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Monroe, K., Kole, J. A., & Karlin, N. J. (2025) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-025-00188-x · Cited by 1
“Public health emergencies, especially those marked by uncertainty and disruption, can elicit long-lasting emotional reactions, including anxiety, grief, and helplessness (Chang et al., 2020; Lau et al., 2008; Verghese, 2004).”
The Potential Impact of COVID-19 on Depression and Suicide Risk in Older Adults
Gomez, S. H., Ridley, J., & Hernandez, S. C. (2021) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2104112 · Cited by 2
“For example, older adults living in highly infected communities in Hong Kong had significantly lower subjective well-being reports in regards to personal health, personal safety, and future security compared to younger adults [27].”
Background
Can Psychological Interventions Sprout and Crown Individual and Societal Desired Outcomes for the Older Adults in the COVID-19 Era?
Durak, M. (2021) · Journal of Aging and Long-Term Care · doi:10.51819/jaltc.2021.1098650 · Cited by 1
“For instance, in a study dealing with the relationship between psychological discomfort and age in the SARS process, which is another pandemic, it is striking that older individuals are more negatively affected than young people (Lau et al., 2008).”
Coping with Contagious Diseases: A Global Perspective
Siddique, M. P. (2022) · Journal of Islamic International Medical College · doi:10.57234/1543 · Cited by 1
KORKUNUN PSİKOLOJİK SAĞLAMLIK ÜZERİNDEKİ YORDAYICI ROLÜ: ADİL DÜNYA İNANCI VE SIKINTIYA TOLERANS
Kazancı, D., & Akçınar, B. (2023) · Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi · doi:10.17498/kdeniz.1280006 · Cited by 1
Resilience, Satisfaction with Life and Anxiety in the Israeli Population after Mass Vaccination for COVID-19
Sarid, M., Tutian, R., Kalman‐Halevi, M., Gilat, S., & Sarid, A. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12020255 · Cited by 1
“In addition, a serious illness or injury and the death or illness of close acquaintances are other life stressors that may also decrease resilience [2], as examined in post-traumatic symptoms related to the emergency itself [17].”
Background
Who suffered most in the pandemic? A distribution regression analysis of happiness in Japan
Li, A., & Maruyama, S. (2024) · Japanese Economic Review · doi:10.1007/s42973-024-00172-7 · Cited by 1
Effect of the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic on Mental Health of Positive Patients and Suspects: A Cross-sectional Study
Pandey, A., Shambhavi, S., Shukla, A., Lal, P., Kumar, N., Srivastava, A. K., & Dubey, P. K. (2021) · Journal of Medical Sciences and Health · doi:10.46347/jmsh.2021.v07i02.013
Mental and physical health correlates of the psychological impact of the first wave of COVID-19 among general population of Pakistan
Kazmi, S. M. A., Lewis, C. A., Hasan, S. S., Iftikhar, R., Fayyaz, M. U., & Anjum, F. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.942108 · Cited by 1
“Other research evidence has also documented psychiatric morbidities in the population during and after outbreaks (Su et al., 2007; Lau et al., 2008; Mak et al., 2009).”
Loneliness and Fear of COVID-19 in Polish Adults. The Mediating Role of Generalized Mood
Lewicka-Zelent, A. E., Brudek, P. J., & Czechowska‐Bieluga, M. (2022) · Journal of Modern Science · doi:10.13166/jms/155808 · Cited by 1
Telomere and SARS-CoV-2: A Correlation between Them
He, A. (2022) · Journal of Biosciences and Medicines · doi:10.4236/jbm.2022.1011012 · Cited by 1
China, Personal Well-Being Index
Lau, A. L. D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_3992-2 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
American Older Adults in the Time of COVID-19: Vulnerability Types, Aging Attitudes, and Emotional ResponsesPreprint
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Undergraduate Research Journal 16th Edition
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The Echo of the Stagnation or Struggle to Rediscover Life: Stories of Positive and Negative Coping Strategies among Older Adult Empty Nesters in IranPreprint
Dehkordi, F. R., Nakhodaeezadeh, M., & Noruzi, S. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6427726/v1 · Cited by 1
Bienestar subjetivo y trabajo en jóvenes universitarios: Estudio comparativo entre Chile y España
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Análisis de propiedades psicométricas del Índice de Bienestar Personal en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos * Psychometric Properties Analysis of the Personal Well-Being Index in a Sample of Chilean Adolescents
Alfaro, J., Egozcue, B. V., & Gómez, D. O. (2013)
Special Topics
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Caregiving for individuals with neurodevelopmental disability-influence of implicit attitudes and affiliate stigma on expressed emotions
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The Covid-19 Pandemic and its Effect on the Elderly: A Review
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Risk and Protective Factors for Anxiety Disorder During COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Zhong, J., Zhong, C., Qiu, L., Li, J., Lai, J., Lu, W., Wang, S., Zhong, J., Zhao, J., & Zhou, Y. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-156834/v1
“For example, those with chronic diseases were observed to have higher risk for anxiety disorder, which were similar with those reported in the previous studies [6, 16].”
Result
Older adults coping in times of crisis; vulnerable or valuable untapped resource?
Wallace, R., Lua, C. T., & Greene, E. (2021) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5513
“Previous research during crises has also identified similar findings and factors contributing to resilience were previously explored during the SARS epidemic.(4) To date, there has been an abundance of research focusing on the impact of resilience and wisdom as key factors in”
Result
Religious Coping Strategies During COVID-19 Outbreak and Anxiety Face at the Total Lockdown Resolution Among Tunisian People
Sirine, A., Hentati, S., Sallemi, R., Masmoudi, R., Féki, I., & Masmoudi, J. (2021) · Psychology and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.pbs.20211004.12
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SARS, MERS AND COVID-19 ASSOCIATED ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME - A REVIEW
(2021) · International Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Allied Sciences · doi:10.31032/ijbpas/2021/10.8.1022
Well-Being in the Age of COVID-19: The Role of Social Distancing
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A novel way to estimate the epidemic risk index for assessing the government measures during the epidemic of respiratory transmitted person-to-person diseasePreprint
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Gifted American College Students, Application of the Personal Well-Being Index (PWI) (Adult Version)
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Mental health promotion in children and the elderly during Covid-19
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“Moreover, the mental health of the elderly with at least three chronic diseases was even worse (31).”
Background
Childcare Providers and COVID-19: The Role of Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy in Sustaining Subjective Well-Being
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“Moreover, the maintenance of positive mental health during a pandemic has been shown to be a positive and protective factor against mental health disease (Lau et al., 2008).”
Background
Evaluating Poly(anhydride-ester) Encapsulation Characteristics for Delivery of Hydrophobic Small Molecules
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Nanotechnology in Virology
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The Coronavirus Crisis: A Crisis among Families from Cultural Minority Groups-Intervention and Coping Mechanisms
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Perceived Stress and Psychological Well-Being in Adult Individuals during COVID-19: The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies
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Labor Migrants in the Context of the COVID-19 pandemic
Konstantinov, V. V., Osin, R., Константинов, В. В., & Осин, Р. В. (2022) · Global Challenges to Demographic Development · doi:10.17059/udf-2022-3-9
Identifikasi Kondisi Psikologis Masyarakat Aceh Selama Pandemi COVID-19
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Perceived Parental Rearing Behaviors, Resilience, Loneliness, and Life Satisfaction Among Greek Emerging Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Authors: Lau, A. L. D., Chi, I., Cummins, R. A., Lee, T. M. C., Chou, K.-L., & Chung, L. W. M.
Affiliations: Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
University of Southern California (US)
Deakin University (AU)
University of Hong Kong (HK)
Corresponding author: Lau, Anna L.D.
ORCID: Chi, Iris
Cummins, Robert A.
Lee, Tatia M.C.
Chou, Kee-L.
Venue: Aging & Mental Health
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2008-11
Volume: 12
Issue: 6
Pages: 746-760
ISSN: 1360-7863 (ISSN-L)
1364-6915
DOI: 10.1080/13607860802380607
OpenAlex: W2169004216
Cited by: 217
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 41 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 4.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
figshare.com
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Aging & Mental Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Keywords: SARS epidemic, subjective well-being, older adults, young adults, Personal Wellbeing Index, psychometric validation, community ties, psychological resilience, chronic disease, unemployment, gender differences, educational attainment, Hong Kong
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Attitude to Health, Disease Outbreaks, Educational Status, Female, Hong Kong, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Sensitivity and Specificity, Socioeconomic Factors, Multivariate Analysis, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Resilience, Psychological

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The SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) pandemic in Hong Kong: Effects on the subjective wellbeing of elderly and younger people

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