Cited by 217COVID-19 and Mental HealthPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionAging and Gerontology Research

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The SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) pandemic in Hong Kong: Effects on the subjective wellbeing of elderly and younger people

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Lau, Anna L.D., Chi, Iris, Cummins, Robert A., Lee, Tatia M.C., Chou, Kee-L., Chung, Lawrence W.M.·2008·Aging & Mental Health

DOI 10.1080/13607860802380607

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the impact of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Hong Kong in 2003, on the subjective wellbeing (SWB) of elderly people and a younger comparative sample. The Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI), a contemporary instrument employed to measure SWB, was also examined for its psychometric performance to substantiate its use. METHOD: A total of 302 older adults (age 65 + years) and 158 younger adults (age 35-46 years) were recruited from different districts. Data were collected by individual face-to-face interviews. RESULT: While elderly people living in severely infected districts showed significantly lower levels of SWB, these levels and those of the younger sample were found to remain within the normative range. A major mitigating factor was an increased sense of community-connectedness. Other characteristics linked to low wellbeing levels included chronic illness, female gender, low education and unemployment. The living districts, characterized by varying extents of infection, had stronger associations with SWB than participants' age. The PWI demonstrated good psychometric performance and also more robustness with elderly people, including its sensitivity to the sense of population threat. CONCLUSION: Psychological resilience was identified among both the elderly and younger age-groups in Hong Kong during the SARS pandemic. The PWI is verified as a suitable instrument for SWB measurements.

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Event motivation, subjective well-being, and revisit intentions during the second wave of the pandemic: moderating effect of affective risk about COVID-19 and perceived trust
Karagöz, D., Suess, C., Işık, C., Doğru, T., Šegota, T., Youssef, O., Rehman, A., Ahmad, M., & Alvarado, R. (2023) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2022.2158787 · Cited by 38
“Moreover, fears about public health and safety and isolation a ﬀ ect subjective well-being (Blasco-Belled et al., 2020; Gardner & Moallef, 2015; Lau et al., 2008).”
Background
Mental health impacts of social isolation in older people during COVID pandemic
Vrach, I. T., & Tomar, R. (2020) · Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/pnp.684 · Cited by 44
Mental Health Status of the Elderly Chinese Population During COVID-19: An Online Cross-Sectional Study
Zhou, R., Chen, H., Zhu, L., Chen, Y., Chen, B., Li, Y., Chen, Z., Zhu, H., & Wang, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.645938 · Cited by 41
Risk and protective factors for anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic
Zhong, J., Zhong, C., Qiu, L., Li, J., Lai, J., Lu, W., Wang, S., Zhong, J., Zhao, J., & Zhou, Y. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11118-8 · Cited by 36
Health-related quality of life of hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: An initial exploration in Nanning city, China
Chenhui, W., Cheng, J., Zou, J., Duan, L., & Campbell, J. E. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113748 · Cited by 38
Do coping responses predict better/poorer mental health in Portuguese adults during Portugal’s national lockdown associated with the COVID-19?
Jarego, M., Pimenta, F., Pais-Ribeiro, J., Costa, R. M., Patrão, I., Coelho, L., & Ferreira-Valente, A. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110698 · Cited by 34
What effect did the global financial crisis have upon youth wellbeing? Evidence from four Australian cohorts.
Parker, P. D., Jerrim, J., & Anders, J. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000092 · Cited by 35
“As noted above, there is some evidence to suggest that social wellbeing and optimism for the future is particularly at risk during economic hard times (Clark & Heath, 2014; Elder, 1999; Lau et al., 2008), yet research in this area has been relatively limited in the number of domains explored.”
Background
COVID-19 in the elderly: A Malaysian perspective
Mustaffa, N., Lee, S., Nawi, S. N. M., Rahim, M. J. C., Chee, Y. C., Besari, A. M., & Lee, Y. Y. (2020) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.10.020370 · Cited by 32
Mental Well-Being During Pandemic: The Role of Cognitive Biases and Emotion Regulation Strategies in Risk Perception and Affective Response to COVID-19
Schudy, A., Żurek, K., Wiśniewska, M., Piejka, A., Gawęda, Ł., & Okruszek, Ł. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.589973 · Cited by 32
“The 18item version of DACOBS includes four subscales: (1) subjective cognitive problems, (2) safety behaviors, (3) attributional biases, (4) social cognition problems.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Mental Health Status of Late-Middle-Aged Adults in China During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Zheng, Y., Shi, L., Lu, Z.-A., Que, J., Yuan, K., Xiao-lin, H., Liu, L., Wang, Y., Lu, Q.-D., Wang, Z., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.643988 · Cited by 34
“During other epidemics involving respiratory pathogens, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, psychological symptoms among the geriatric population raised great concerns, and several personal and epidemic-related factors were associated with mental illness in late-middle-aged adults (20, 21).”
Background
Psychometric properties of the personal wellbeing index in Brazilian and Chilean adolescents including spirituality and religion
Sarriera, J. C., Casas, F., Alfaro, J., Bedin, L. M., Strelhow, M. R. W., Abs, D., Valdenegro, B. A., García, C., & Gómez, D. O. (2014) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/1678-7153.201427411 · Cited by 32
Emotional Well-being During the First Four Months of COVID-19 in the United States
Ebert, A. R., Bernstein, L., Carney, A. K., & Patrick, J. H. (2020) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-020-09365-x · Cited by 32
Biopsychosocial factors linked with overall well-being of students and educators during the COVID-19 pandemic
Al-Sabbah, S., Darwish, A., Fares, N., Barnes, J., & Almomani, J. A. (2021) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2021.1875550 · Cited by 38
“Similarly, Lau et al. (2008) reported that males had higher well-being levels than females during the SARS outbreak Table 8.”
Background
Fear of happiness through the prism of the dual continua model of mental health
Blasco‐Belled, A., Rogoza, R., Alsinet, C., & Nadal, C. T. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23165 · Cited by 39
“By contrast, positive mental health can protect against future psychological diseases (Lau et al., 2008).”
Background
Predicting Individual Function During COVID-19 Lockdown: Depression, Fear of COVID-19, Age, and Employment
Levy, I., & Cohen‐Louck, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682122 · Cited by 32
THE HAPPINESS AND SUBJECTIVE WELL‐BEING OF PEOPLE ON HAEMODIALYSIS
Bennett, P. N., Weinberg, M. K., Bridgman, T., & Cummins, R. A. (2015) · Journal of Renal Care · doi:10.1111/jorc.12116 · Cited by 30
Self-citation
Pathways Linking Media Use to Wellbeing during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mediated Moderation Study
Gong, J., Firdaus, A., Said, F., Ali Aksar, I., Danaee, M., & Xu, J. (2022) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051221087390 · Cited by 29
“For example, Lau et al. (2008) found that the outbreak of SARS had tremendously negative ramifications for elderly and younger people’s wellbeing.”
Background
COVID-19 and Mental Health: An Examination of 911 Calls for Service.
Lersch, K. M. (2021) · Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paaa049 · Cited by 28
“Similarly, researchers have examined the relationship between mental health and public health emergencies, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in 2003 and the human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDs/HIV) epidemic (which began in 1982) (Ho et al., 2020; Lau et al.,…”
Background
Factors Associated With Improving or Worsening the State of Frailty: A Secondary Data Analysis of a 5‐Year Longitudinal Study
Cheung, D. S. K., Kwan, R. Y. C., Wong, A. S. W., Ho, L. Y. W., Chin, K. C. W., Liu, J. Y. W., Tse, M. Y. M., & Lai, C. K. Y. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12588 · Cited by 29
Moderating effects of emotion regulation difficulties and resilience on students’ mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic
Rufino, K. A., Babb, S. J., & Johnson, R. (2022) · Journal of Adult and Continuing Education · doi:10.1177/14779714221099609 · Cited by 30
“…lack of control leads to people experiencing feelings of sadness, fear, anxiety, and anger, which can affect their long-term well-being, or current state of being healthy, happy, and comfortable (Bai et al., 2004; Bults et al., 2011; Lau et al., 2008; Restubog et al., 2020; Thompson et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Italian Community Psychology in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Shared Feelings and Thoughts in the Storytelling of University Students
Napoli, I. D., Guidi, E., Arcidiacono, C., Esposito, C., Marta, E., Novara, C., Procentese, F., Guazzini, A., Agueli, B., Leone, M. F. G., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.571257 · Cited by 33
“Also, O’Neill (2004) stated that, as in conditions of disaster, the sense of community favors the protection of communities and that it increases when citizens are taken into consideration by their community (Lau et al., 2008).”
Background
Coping with coronavirus disease 2019: Relationships between coping strategies, benefit finding and well‐being
Miao, M., Zheng, L., Wen, J., Jin, S., & Gan, Y. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3072 · Cited by 26
Application of the health belief model to explain public perceptions, travel intentions and actions during COVID-19: a sequential transformative design
Bremser, K., Crowley-Cyr, L., Abraham, V., Martin, M. J. M., & Carreño, M. (2021) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights · doi:10.1108/jhti-12-2020-0235 · Cited by 26
The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health and Subjective Well-Being of Workers: An Event Study Based on High-Frequency Panel DataPreprint
Schmidtke, J. L., Hetschko, C., Schöb, R., Stephan, G., Eid, M., & Lawes, M. (2021) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3905073 · Cited by 19
“The few existing studies on the well-being effects of past epidemics, in particular when it comes to indirect effects on non-infected individuals, point to negative effects on various indicators of well-being and quality of life (e.g. Bults et al. 2011; Lau et al. 2008; Thompson et al. 2017).”
Background
Listening to COVID-19 survivors: what they need after early discharge from hospital - a qualitative study
Guo, M., Kong, M., Shi, W., Wang, M., & Yang, H. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2022.2030001 · Cited by 26
“Past studies indicate that an infectious disease impacts the well-being of the individual and the community, and these impacts can persist long after the outbreak (Lau et al., 2008).”
Background
Quality of Life in Macau, China
Rato, R., & Davey, G. (2010) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9766-5 · Cited by 25
“…the IWI in various provinces and regions in China, including Beijing, Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Liaoning, Shangdong, Sichuan, Tibet, etc. (Huang and Xing 2005; Lau et al. 2005, 2008; Davey et al. 2009; Chen and Davey 2009; Nielsen et al. 2009, 2010; Webb 2009; Smyth et al. 2010).”
Background
Patient questionnaires for use in the integrative medicine primary care setting—A systematic literature review
Hunter, J., & Leeder, S. (2013) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2013.02.002 · Cited by 24
Mental Health of Chinese People During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Associations With Infection Severity of Region of Residence and Filial Piety
Li, W., Li, Y.-H., Yu, H.-Z., Miller, D. J., Rouen, C., & Yang, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633452 · Cited by 19
Mental well-being during COVID-19 pandemic: the role of fear, social isolation and psychological resilience
Shah, S. S., Memon, F. A., Qureshi, F., Soomro, A. B., Kemal, A. A., & Shah, A. A. (2021) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2021.2006993 · Cited by 25
“The prior literature documents mental wellbeing as key concern while examining the antecedents and consequences of any pandemic (Lau et al., 2008; Marais et al., 2014; Wickramage et al., 2018).”
Background
Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on psychosocial factors, health, and lifestyle in Scottish octogenarians: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study
Taylor, A. M., Page, D., Okely, J. A., Corley, J., Welstead, M., Skarabela, B., Redmond, P. H., Russ, T. C., & Cox, S. R. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253153 · Cited by 23
“Findings from the general population and past pandemics suggest negative consequences for older people in terms of anxiety and depression [28, 29], psychological distress [30–33], and wellbeing [34].”
Background
An exploratory study of changes in consumer dining out behavior before and during COVID-19
Ko, Y. H., Son, J. H., & Kim, G. J. (2022) · Journal of Foodservice Business Research · doi:10.1080/15378020.2022.2036569 · Cited by 22
Rasch analysis of the International Wellbeing Index in older adults
Forjaz, M. J., Ayala, A., Rodríguez‐Blázquez, C., Prieto-Flores, M.-E., Fernández‐Mayoralas, G., Rojo‐Pérez, F., & Martínez‐Martín, P. (2011) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s104161021100158x · Cited by 21
“The PWI was was found to be a robust and psychometrically sound measure in older populations (Lau et al. , 2008; Rodriguez-Blazquez et al. , 2011) and it has been successfully applied in Spain (Casas et al. , 2007; Rodriguez-Blazquez et al. , 2011).”
Method
Coping With Governmental Restrictions: The Relationship Between Stay-at-Home Orders, Resilience, and Functional, Social, Mental, Physical, and Financial Well-Being
Barrett, A. M., Hogreve, J., & Brüggen, E. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577972 · Cited by 22
Wellbeing Among Indonesian Labour Migrants to Malaysia: Implications of the 2011 Memorandum of Understanding
Nielsen, I. L., & Sendjaya, S. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0369-9 · Cited by 19
“While the seven-item version has been applied to Asian samples in Hong Kong (Lau et al. 2005, 2008), Macau (Macau Inter-University Institute 2007), urban China (Chen and Davey 2008a, 2009; Huang and Xing 2005; Nielsen et al. 2010b; Smyth et al. 2010, 2011), rural China (Davey et al. 2009) and the…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Subjective Well-Being and Resilience During COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey
Metin, A., Cetinkaya, A. B., & Erbiçer, E. S. (2021) · European Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1027/2512-8442/a000081 · Cited by 20
Reciprocal effect between non-suicidal self-injury and depressive symptoms in adolescence
Hu, R., Peng, L.-M., Du, Y., Feng, Y.-W., Xie, L., Shi, W., Jia, P., Jiang, L.-H., & Zhao, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1243885 · Cited by 17
How Students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are Coping with Covid-19 Pandemic
Khoshaim, H. B., Sukayt, A., Chinna, K., Nurunnabi, M., Sundarasen, S., Kamaludin, K., Baloch, G., & Hossain, S. F. A. (2020) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.4081/jphr.2020.1898 · Cited by 19
Tracking the Irish adult population during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: A methodological report of the COVID-19 psychological research consortium (C19PRC) study in Ireland
Spikol, E., McBride, O., Vallières, F., Butter, S., & Hyland, P. (2021) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103416 · Cited by 16
La rehabilitación en los tiempos del COVID-19
Laxe, S., Page, J. C. M., Chaler, J., Gil-Fraguas, L., Gómez, A., Luna, F., Llavona, R., Algarrada, R. D. P., Izaguirre, N. S., Tarifa, P. S., et al. (2020) · Rehabilitación · doi:10.1016/j.rh.2020.04.001 · Cited by 16
Worker Stress, Burnout, and Wellbeing Before and During the COVID-19 Restrictions in the United Kingdom
Pelly, D., Daly, M., Delaney, L. D., & Doyle, O. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.823080 · Cited by 30
Does the attribution of responsibilities modify the relationship between coping styles and mental health? A survey of Chinese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic
Fu, M., Huang, N., Hall, B. J., Shi, Q., Shahid, M., & Guo, J. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053211025596 · Cited by 15
Subjective Well-Being of Gifted American College Students
Sayler, M. F., Boazman, J., Natesan, P., & Periathiruvadi, S. (2015) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0016986215597748 · Cited by 18
“The PWI-A had good score validity and reliability in previous studies of adults in Australia (International Well-being Group, 2010), in other countries with adult samples (Chen & Davey, 2008; Davey, Chen, & Lau, 2009; Lau et al., 2005; Lau et al., 2008; Smyth, Nielsen, & Zhai, 2010), and with adolescents (Casas et al.”
BackgroundResult
An Exploratory Study on COVID-19 Phobia and Influencing Factors
Moon, J., Kim, S.-J., & Kiok, S. (2021) · Journal of Social Science · doi:10.16881/jss.2021.01.32.1.285 · Cited by 18
“…및 정서적 디스트레 스 영향요인으로 본인과 가족의 지각된 건강수준 이 포함된 바 있다(Maunder et al., 2006; Chua, Cheung, McAlonan, Cheung, Wong, Cheung, Chan, Wong, Choy, Chu, Lee, & Tsang, 2004; Hawryluck, Gold, Robinson, Pogorski, Galea, & Styra, 2004; Lau et al., 2008; Nickell, Crighton, Tracy, Al-Enazy, Bolaji, Hanjrah, &…”
Influential
Living with a genetic, undiagnosed or rare disease: A longitudinal journalling study through the COVID‐19 pandemic
Byun, M., Feller, H., Ferrie, M. M., & Best, S. (2022) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13405 · Cited by 14
“In line with previous studies, mental well‐being was a strong theme in the journals.(17) However, the importance of mental well‐being and resilience did not feature initially for our participants and began to feed into journals later in the pandemic as some people started to feel the loss of their independence.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Psychological impacts of COVID-19 pandemic in cancer patients on active treatment
Koca, S., Koca, E. K., Ökten, I. N., Orengul, F. F. C., Öztürk, A., Özçelik, M., Oyman, A., Çil, İ., & Gümüş, M. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10142 · Cited by 14
“The pandemic affects the psychological well-being of people, and this impact may continue for a long time after the pandemic is over [63].”
Factors Associated With Depression and Anxiety in Korean Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Kim, H., Jhon, M., Kim, J., Kang, H., Ryu, S., Kim, J., Lee, J. Y., & Kim, S. (2022) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0365 · Cited by 14
Happiness lost: Was the decision to implement lockdown the correct one?
Rossouw, S., Greyling, T. M., & Adhikari, T. (2021) · South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences · doi:10.4102/sajems.v24i1.3795 · Cited by 13
American Older Adults in COVID-19 Times: Vulnerability Types, Aging Attitudes, and Emotional Responses
Fu, M., Guo, J., Chen, X., Han, B., Ahmed, F., Shahid, M., & Zhang, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.778084 · Cited by 13
“Previous studies proposed that vulnerability during adverse events might arouse negative emotional responses (4, 21).”
Worker well-being before and during the COVID-19 restrictions: A longitudinal study in the UKPreprint
Pelly, D., Daly, M., Delaney, L. D., & Doyle, O. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/659yd · Cited by 13

Authors: Lau, A. L. D., Chi, I., Cummins, R. A., Lee, T. M. C., Chou, K.-L., & Chung, L. W. M.
Affiliations: Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
University of Southern California (US)
Deakin University (AU)
University of Hong Kong (HK)
Corresponding author: Lau, Anna L.D.
ORCID: Chi, Iris
Cummins, Robert A.
Lee, Tatia M.C.
Chou, Kee-L.
Venue: Aging & Mental Health
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2008-11
Volume: 12
Issue: 6
Pages: 746-760
ISSN: 1360-7863 (ISSN-L)
1364-6915
DOI: 10.1080/13607860802380607
OpenAlex: W2169004216
Cited by: 217
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 41 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 4.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
figshare.com
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Aging & Mental Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Keywords: SARS epidemic, subjective well-being, older adults, young adults, Personal Wellbeing Index, psychometric validation, community ties, psychological resilience, chronic disease, unemployment, gender differences, educational attainment, Hong Kong
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Attitude to Health, Disease Outbreaks, Educational Status, Female, Hong Kong, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Sensitivity and Specificity, Socioeconomic Factors, Multivariate Analysis, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Resilience, Psychological

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The SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) pandemic in Hong Kong: Effects on the subjective wellbeing of elderly and younger people

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