I got all my sisters with me (on Black Twitter): second screening of How to Get Away with Murder as a discourse on Black Womanhood

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Co-viewing strengthened previously existing offline relationships.

“Interestingly but unsurprisingly, their results also revealed that co-viewing strengthened previously existing offline relationships.”

• cites Schirra et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In the case of How to Get Away with Murder, Black users envision an audience that looks like them.

“In the case of HTGAWM, we will demonstrate that Black users envision an audience that looks like them.”

May combine two claims.

Out of 82,665 tweets with identifiable geotags sent on the days of peak conversation, the most tweets originated from New York, Georgia, Texas, Florida, California, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina-all states with the highest percentage of Black residents according to 2010 Census Bureau data.

“Further, out of 82,665 tweets with identifiable geotags sent on the days of peak conversation, it was determined that the most tweets originated from New York, Georgia, Texas, Florida, California, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and North Carolinaall states with the highest percentage of Black residents according to 2010 Census Bureau data (US Census Bureau, n.d.).”

• cites US Census Bureau, n.d.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

115,496 tweets were sent between 16 and 17 October 2014, while 153,489 tweets were sent between 19 and 20 February 2015.

“Therefore, using the same monitoring parameters as the overall data set, 115,496 tweets were sent between 16 and 17 October 2014 while 153,489 tweets were sent between 19 and 20 February 2015.”

May combine two claims.

The majority of users in the sample are using an image of a person of color in their personal profile, suggesting that the majority of users in the sample are people of color.

“Using the demographics function of CH, we found that the majority of users in our sample are using an image of a person of color in their personal profile, suggesting that the majority of users in our sample are people of color.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Profile avatars and CH inferred gender accurately indicate users' race and gender.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Regarding How to Get Away with Murder, themes that arise in one episode often re-emerge during the next, causing a season-long or even series-long conversation.

“Regarding HTGAWM, themes that arise in one episode often re-emerge during the next, causing a season-long or even series-long conversation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The viewers in this study use the hashtag #HTGAWM to connect the community of viewers following the show.

“Similarly, the viewers in this study use the hashtag #HTGAWM to connect the community of viewers following the show.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The two points that Twitter users seem to be most taken with are the absence of any makeup, revealing a darker complexion, and the removal of the wig, revealing natural kinky hair, something not often represented on primetime television.

“The two points that Twitter users seem to be most taken with are the absence of any makeup, revealing a darker complexion, and the removal of the wig, revealing natural kinky hair, something not often represented on primetime television.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dominant themes are categorized by episode.

“Dominant themes are categorized by episode (Table 1).”

May combine two claims.

Co-viewers not only identified with the character, but they also saw themselves in her.

“These tweets suggest that co-viewers not only have identified with the character, but they also saw themselves in her.”

May combine two claims.

Viewers of HTGAWM not only make connections with other users but they also negotiate their own identities through the process of second screen participation.

“Viewers of HTGAWM not only make connections with other users but they also negotiate their own identities through the process of second screen participation (Figure 3).”

May combine two claims.

Users cite the wig removal alongside other signifyin' language and combine them to accentuate what it means to them to be Black, and how Blackness is displayed in this scene.

“They cite the wig removal alongside other signifyin' language and combine them to accentuate what it means to them to be Black, and how Blackness is displayed in this scene (Figure 6).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The user defines taking off the wig as an indicator of being a #realBlackwoman.

“The user defines taking off the wig as an indicator of being a #realBlackwoman (Figure 5).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Co-viewing audiences had an overwhelmingly personal response to viewing the mother-daughter interaction.

“Co-viewing audiences had an overwhelmingly personal response to viewing the mother-daughter interaction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Other users are reminded of slavery when they see Annalise's natural hair.

“Other users are reminded of slavery when they see Annalise's natural hair.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

By connecting natural hair to slavery, users conjure up images of the first Africans in America.

“By connecting natural hair to slavery, users conjure up images of the first Africans in America.”

May combine two claims.

Users again emphasize the heightened level of perceived Blackness achieved by wearing natural hair, but this time they are revolted by it.

“As seen above, users again emphasize the heightened level of perceived Blackness achieved by wearing natural hair, but this time they are revolted by it (Figure 7).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

'Dis so Black!' is an intentionally humorous play on signifyin' language; it is specifically coded to express insider group status while excluding people who do not identify as Black from the discourse.

“'Dis so Black!' is an intentionally humorous play on signifyin' language; it is specifically coded to express insider group status while excluding people do not identify as Black from the discourse.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In our analysis, this discourse is specific to Black women because the scene depicts a mother combing her daughter's natural Black kinky hair.

“In our analysis, this discourse is specific to Black women because the scene depicts a mother combing her daughter's natural Black kinky hair.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This time, the focus is on the production of the scene, not Keating's Blackness.

“This time, the focus is on the production of the scene, not Keating's Blackness.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Viewers argue that the scene does not truly portray Black hair care because kinky-coily hair was combed incorrectly; it was combed dry instead of wet, with a wide-toothed comb instead of a fine-toothed comb, and without moisturizer to provide the necessary slippage to avoid hair breakage.

“Viewers argue that the scene does not truly portray Black hair care because kinky-coily hair was combed incorrectly; it was combed dry instead of wet, with a wide-toothed comb instead of a fine-toothed comb, and without moisturizer to provide the necessary slippage to avoid hair breakage (Figure 12).”

May combine two claims.

While experiencing joy and emotional connection to the hair care routine, users also articulate that they expect to be represented accurately and indicate how that can be done (i.e., add moisture to curls before combing).

“While experiencing joy and emotional connection to the hair care routine, users also articulate that they expect to be represented accurately and indicate how that can be done (i.e., add moisture to curls before combing).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

'chance to woman up' and 'Viola Davis's idea' were dominant trends on the day the episode 'Let's get to Scooping' originally aired.

“In fact, 'chance to woman up' and 'Viola Davis's idea' were dominant trends on the day the episode 'Let's get to Scooping' originally aired.”

May combine two claims.

CH estimates project that 67% of the users in our overall data set are women, suggesting that women are the primary drivers of discourse centered on HTGAWM.

“CH estimates project that 67% of the users in our overall data set are women, suggesting that women are the primary drivers of discourse centered on HTGAWM.”

May combine two claims.

Twitter is used by some as a platform to reify cultural norms and expectations of Blackness, and by others as a space to challenge these norms.

“Twitter is used by some as a platform to reify cultural norms and expectations of Blackness, and by others as a space to challenge these norms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

HTGAWM boasts 18 million viewers that tune in on season premiers and finales and our data only includes 8 million tweets.

“HTGAWM boasts 18 million viewers that tune in on season premiers and finales and our data only includes 8 million tweets.”

May combine two claims.

The keyword 'getting' was the only trend with a greater number of mentions at 68%, which is the top repeat since it is in the title of the show, but does not represent any other significant discussion, whereas 'wig' does.

“The keyword 'getting' (as in getting away with murder) was the only trend with a greater number of mentions at 68%, which is the top repeat since it is in the title of the show, but does not represent any other significant discussion, whereas 'wig' does.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

We are encouraged to find overwhelmingly positive reactions to representations of a generally marginalized type of Black femininity in HTGAWM.

“We are encouraged to find overwhelmingly positive reactions to representations of a generally marginalized type of Black femininity in HTGAWM.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Viola Davis adds a nuanced depiction of Black women on television.

“Davis plays a dynamic character that is both strong and vulnerable, confident and scared; she adds a nuanced depiction of Black women on television.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Twitter may be analyzed as an online microcosm of US society, in which Black members seek out others with whom they racially identify and draw support.

“In this way, Twitter may be analyzed as an online microcosm of US society, in which Black members seek out others with whom they racially identify and draw support.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Black feminist scholars emphasize the relative invisibility of Black women in general.

“Black feminist scholars emphasize the relative invisibility of Black women in general (Collins, 2002;Crenshaw, 1991;hooks, 1989).”

• cites Collins, 2002 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Crenshaw, 1991Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites hooks, 1989Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

How to Get Away with Murder is a particularly useful case to consider because of Viola Davis' representation of a Black woman.

“This television series is a particularly useful case to consider because of Davis' representation of a Black woman.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Viola Davis' appearance is directly oppositional to common contemporary portrayals of Black femininity on television, which typically depict lighter skinned Black women with curly or straightened hair.

“This is directly oppositional to common contemporary portrayals of Black femininity on television, which typically depict lighter skinned Black women with curly or straightened hair (i.e., Girlfriends aired 2000-2008, Scandal aired 2012-present, Blackish aired 2014-present, and Empire aired 2015-present).”

May combine two claims.

In contemporary American media, Black women, if they are represented at all, are often portrayed as tough, unattractive, and undesirable or sexually immoral and hypersexual.

“The conceptualization of Black women as 'only good for their bodies' is depicted contemporarily in American media: Black women, if they are represented at all, are often portrayed as tough, unattractive, and undesirable or sexually immoral and hypersexual (Collins, 2004;hooks, 1992;Nagel, 2003;Springer, 2008).”

• cites Collins, 2004Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites hooks, 1992Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Nagel, 2003Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Discourse enabled by discussion of How to Get Away with Murder on Twitter carves out a space for Black women to connect and find support networks.

“Discourse enabled by discussion of HTGAWM on Twitter is particularly significant because it stars a strong Black female lead and in that it carves out a space for Black women to connect and find support networks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Viola Davis has Afrocentric facial features, a dark complexion, and kinky hair.

“Davis herself has Afrocentric facial features, a dark complexion, and kinky hair.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Black users connect with their own community members online.

“In turn, Black users connect with their own community members online.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Viola Davis plays a dynamic character that is both strong and vulnerable, confident and scared.

“Davis plays a dynamic character that is both strong and vulnerable, confident and scared; she adds a nuanced depiction of Black women on television.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Scenes of vulnerability portrayed by Viola Davis highlight the intersectionality of race and gender that is lacking in most television series.

“Scenes of vulnerability portrayed by Davis highlight the intersectionality of race and gender that is lacking in most television series.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The imagery of taking off the wig to reveal natural, kinky hair underneath is something specific to Black women.

“The imagery of taking off the wig to reveal natural, kinky hair underneath is something specific to Black women.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The co-viewing process is liberative in that it diminishes discourse interruption.

“For all the reasons mentioned above, the co-viewing process is liberative in that it diminishes discourse interruption.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Second screens act as backchannels because they allow users to watch television on one main screen, and seek alternative sources of information and opinions at the same time.

“Second screens act as backchannels because they allow users to watch television on one main screen, and seek alternative sources of information and opinions at the same time.”

• cites Finger and De Souza, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

As a Black producer, Shonda Rhimes' nuanced portrayal of Black hair care in primetime television is groundbreaking.

“Thus, as a Black producer, Rhimes' nuanced portrayal of Black hair care in primetime television is groundbreaking.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The second screen is a technocultural tool capable of hosting deliberative discourse, exposing users to multiple viewpoints in a wide social sphere.

“In this context, the second screen is a technocultural tool that is capable of hosting 'deliberative discourse,' exposing users to multiple viewpoints in a wide social sphere (Trilling, 2015, p. 260).”

• cites Trilling, 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

When haircare is discussed in film and television, it is often done in a humorous manner.

“When haircare is discussed in film and television, it is often done in a humorous manner.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Second screens can facilitate collective meaning-making-all participate in the process of producing knowledge together.

“Second screens can facilitate collective meaning-making-all participate in the process of producing knowledge together (Piers de Sá, 2015).”

• cites Piers de Sá, 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Black hair is often portrayed on television, cut, styled, and costumed at the hands of producers most of whom are white.

“Black hair is often portrayed on television; cut, styled, and costumed at the hands of producersmost of whom are white.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The hashtag acts as a cataloguing system so viewers of the original broadcast can still communicate with later viewers who stream the show.

“For example, the hashtag acts as a cataloguing system so viewers of the original broadcast can still communicate with later viewers who stream the show.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The cataloguing aspect of the hashtag allows viewers of the original broadcast to communicate with post-broadcast viewers, minimizing the distinction between broadcast and streamed content.

“We argue that the cataloguing aspect of the hashtag allows viewers of the original broadcast to communicate with post-broadcast viewers, minimizing this distinction.”

May combine two claims.

Producer Shonda Rhimes defies the unidimensional stereotype of Black women by allowing viewers to see a multifaceted Black protagonist that they can identify with, as demonstrated by the response on Black Twitter.

“Producer Shonda Rhimes defies this unidimensional stereotype by allowing viewers to see a multifaceted Black protagonist that they can identify with, as we demonstrate by the response on Black Twitter to such a portrayal.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Digital inequality reflects existing economic inequality.

“Digital inequality reflects existing economic inequality (those with lower incomes encounter greater difficulty when purchasing non-essential technology).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Evans (2013) found that Black flight attendants and pilots are publicly disrespected and questioned about their work ability.

“For example, Evans (2013) found that Black flight attendants and pilots are publicly disrespected and questioned about their work ability.”

• cites Evans, 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Unequal distribution of second screens limits the access of some, while others lack the technocultural and economic capital to engage in dialogues on Twitter due to an inability or unwillingness to navigate the platform.

“Given that second screen co-viewing is 'parasocial,' unequal distribution of second screens limits the access of some, while others lack the technocultural and economic capital to engage in dialogues on Twitter due to an inability or unwillingness to navigate the platform.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Evans's respondents found comfort in talking about racialized experiences and took relief in the inevitable fact that they were not alone in their experiences.

“Evans's respondents found comfort in talking about racialized experiences and took relief in the inevitable fact that they were not alone in their experiences.”

• cites Evans, 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Black NFL players used Twitter to share sentiments and engage in discourse on Travon Martin and George Zimmerman.

“Similarly, Black NFL players used Twitter to share sentiments and engage in discourse on Travon Martin and George Zimmerman.”

• cites Schmittle & Sanderson, 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Black Twitter can be used to expand interpersonal networks and allow users to feel understood by and unified with a community.

“Black Twitter can be used to expand interpersonal networks and allow users to feel understood by and unified with a community.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Users of color use distinct language to mark social boundaries.

“Papacharissi (2012) and Florini (2013) propose that users of color use distinct language to mark social boundaries.”

• cites Papacharissi, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Florini, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Twitter users know that their audiences are potentially limitless and use cultural cues to visualize an audience.

“Marwick and boyd (2011) contend that Twitter users know that their audiences are potentially limitless and use cultural cues to visualize an audience.”

• cites Marwick and boyd, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Black Twitter users enjoy connecting with other Black users but they remain aware that Twitter is not a homogeneously Black space.

“Black Twitter users enjoy connecting with other Black users but they remain aware that Twitter is not a homogeneously Black space.”

May combine two claims.

#Dat-Murda, originally created by 'Black Girl Nerds,' uses common vernacular to speak to a specific subset of viewers.

“The former, originally created by 'Black Girl Nerds,' use common vernacular to speak to a specific subset of viewers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Brock (2012) argues that the alternative, distinctive marking of Black Twitter acts as a 'social public'-a community that was formed on Twitter by those with insider and outsider status.

“Beyond racial boundary making, Brock (2012) argues that the alternative, distinctive marking of Black Twitter acts as a 'social public'a community that was formed on Twitter by those with insider and outsider status (p.530).”

• cites Brock, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both researchers checked the profile page and avatar of the author of each representative statement included.

“Both researchers checked the profile page and avatar of the author of each representative statement that we have included below (names and avatars have been removed as per institutional IRB guidelines).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

#gladiators is used by viewers of Scandal to connote the community of viewers that co-views Scandal together.

“For instance, #gladiators is used by viewers of Scandal to connote the community of viewers that co-views Scandal together (Williams, 2016a).”

• cites Williams, 2016aNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Visual coding of avatars can be unreliable because people can use images of others to fool or 'catfish' their networks.

“We acknowledge that visual coding of avatars can be unreliable because people can use images of others to fool or 'catfish' their networks (Williams, 2016b).”

• cites Williams, 2016bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Previous research suggests that trending hashtags can act as a type of instant community.

“Previous research suggests that trending hashtags can act as a type of instant community (Fitton, Gruen, & Poston, 2009).”

• cites Fitton, Gruen, & Poston, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Previous research suggests that these communities coalesce around identity politics or interests.

“Previous research suggests that these communities coalesce around identity politics or interests (Small, 2011).”

• cites Small, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Although the paper cannot verify the race and gender of each user in the sample, it focuses on the public discussion of topics within an online space as perceived by participants as Black and female.

“Although we cannot verify the race and gender of each user in our sample, we focus on the public discussion of topics within an online space as perceived by participants as Black and female.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

At times, instant communities can become longer conversations about themes that reoccur.

“At times, these instant communities can become longer conversations about themes that reoccur.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Concerning discourse analysis, validity is never 'once and for all' and all analyses are open to further discussion and dispute.

“However, as Gee (2014) notes that, concerning discourse analysis, 'validity is never”

• cites Gee, 2014 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The same principles that are used when understanding technology may be used to understand audiences' interaction with television media when the discourse occurs online.

“Going a step further, we argue that the same principles that are used when understanding technology may be used to understand audiences' interaction with television media when the discourse occurs online.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Hashtags also serve as a reference point for users who may be encountering the conversation for the first time.

“Hashtags also serve as a reference point for users who may be encountering the conversation for the first time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Internet researchers should consider the user and the interface, being careful to consider the social construction of the user's race, gender, and so on as well as the social construction and constraints of the platform.

“Nakamura (2006) and Brock (2012) argue that Internet researchers should consider the user and the interface, being careful to consider the social construction of the user's race, gender, and so on as well as the social construction and constraints of the platform.”

• cites Nakamura, 2006Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Brock, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The authors choose to interpret their findings based on convincing evidence that the ongoing dialogue surrounding How to Get Away with Murder moves beyond character drama.

“We choose to interpret our findings based on convincing evidence that the ongoing dialogue surrounding HTGAWM moves beyond character drama.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Hashtags facilitate conversations beyond the immediate timeframe and allow viewers to communicate with other users that they may or may not follow.

“Hashtags facilitate conversations beyond the immediate timeframe and allow viewers to communicate with other users that they may or may not follow.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As researchers, the authors interpret society; they cannot report on it exactly as it exists in a particular moment.

“As researchers, we interpret society; we cannot report on it exactly as it exists in a particular moment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Hashtags are an instrumental part of technoculture.

“Thus, hashtags are an instrumental part of technoculture.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

CTDA can be used when conducting online discourse analysis of discussions held on Twitter, and has been used to understand representations and social constructions of race on blogs, in videogames, and on Twitter.

“CTDA can be used when conducting online discourse analysis of discussions held on Twitter, and has been used to understand representations and social constructions of race on blogs (Brock, Kvasny, & Hales, 2010), in videogames (Brock, 2011), and on Twitter (Brock, 2012).”

• cites Brock, Kvasny, & Hales, 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Brock, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Brock, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

CTDA works to subvert instrumental and deterministic accounts of interactions between people and technology, by looking at the artifact's interpellation by its users.

“'CTDA works to subvert instrumental and deterministic accounts of interactions between people and technology, by looking at the artifact's interpellation (Althusser, 1971) by its users' (Brock, 2012).”

• cites Brock, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Natural Black hair is viewed as deviant, unattractive, and unsophisticated.

“Natural Black hair is viewed as deviant, unattractive, and unsophisticated (Hutchinson Miller, 2016;Leeds Craig, 2002;Mercer, 2000), leading Black men and Black women to alter their hair to make it appear more White, such as using heat and chemicals to straighten it, adding pressure and weight to their scalps by braiding hair, or covering their hair with a wig (Lester, 2000).”

• cites Hutchinson Miller, 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Leeds Craig, 2002Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Mercer, 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The strong emotions connected to this moment on television are tied to the lack of televised precedence and the recognition that Black hair is stigmatized.

“The strong emotions connected to this moment on television are tied to the lack of televised precedence and the recognition that Black hair is stigmatized.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Black hair is stigmatized.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Equating natural hair to slavery puts those who wear natural hair in a subordinated position.

“Furthermore, equating natural hair to slavery puts those who wear natural hair in a subordinated position.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The lack of representation of Black women and natural hair in media is especially evident here as multiple users have a reference point of negative representations of Blackness.

“The lack of representation of Black women and natural hair in media is especially evident here as multiple users have a reference point of negative representations of Blackness.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There is a lack of representation of Black women and natural hair in media.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This accentuates the lack of representation in the media.

“This accentuates the lack of representation in the media (Figure 8).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There is a lack of representation of Black women and natural hair in media.

May combine two claims.

The transfer of knowledge is twofold here because of the scripted representation of intergenerational communing as well as the actual dialogue across generations of Black women that occurred simultaneously on Twitter.

“The transfer of knowledge is twofold here because of the scripted representation of intergenerational communing as well as the actual dialogue across generations of Black women that occurred simultaneously on Twitter (Figure 10).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This user's comment suggests that they have internalized the dominant Eurocentric view of beauty.

“This user's comment suggests that they have internalized the dominant Eurocentric view of beauty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Coviewing facilitates meaning-making between ingroup members.

“Coviewing facilitates meaning-making between ingroup members.”

May combine two claims.

The second screen acts as a technocultural tool that allows users to commune with others about feelings of underrepresentation but also rejoice with those with similar marginalized experiences.

“Thus, the second screen acts as a technocultural tool that allows users to commune with others about feelings of underrepresentation but also rejoice with those with similar marginalized experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Even though 'outsiders' still have access to tweets, allowing other groups to view the conversation as it unfolds, they lack the shared sociohistorical understanding.

“Even though 'outsiders' still have access to tweets, allowing other groups to view the conversation as it unfolds, they lack the shared sociohistorical understanding.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Implicit in Davis's words is the idea that she is portraying a real Black woman.

“Implicit in her words is the idea that she is portraying a real Black woman.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Because she is tweeting, she is also participating in the conversation about this particular scene with thousands of other Black women.

“However, because she is tweeting, she is also participating in the conversation about this particular scene with thousands of other Black women (Figure 11).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Beyond speaking with other viewers of the show, users who participate in the discourse on Black womanhood also dialogue with show producer, Shonda Rhimes, and lead actress Viola Davis-having a direct impact on future portrayals.

“Beyond speaking with other viewers of the show, users who participate in the discourse on Black womanhood also dialogue with show producer, Shonda Rhimes, and lead actress Viola Davishaving a direct impact on future portrayals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Using Twitter as a space to engage in identity politics and discursive action highlights the need for representation.

“Using Twitter as a space to engage in identity politics and discursive action highlights the need for representation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

As Black women connect across generations, they again negotiate authenticity.

“As Black women connect across generations, they again negotiate authenticity.”

May combine two claims.

Responses to this mother-daughter hair scene emphasize the emotional connection viewers have to on-screen portrayals of Blackness, highlight the importance of accurate Black representation, and indicate the importance of co-viewing and connecting with other Black users to recall shared experiences.

“Responses to this mother-daughter hair scene emphasizes the emotional connection viewers have to on-screen portrayals of Blackness, highlights the importance of accurate Black representation, and indicates the importance of co-viewing and connecting with other Black users to recall shared experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This begins to meet the need for fuller representations of Black women that challenge the typical media portrayals of women of color as threatening, hypersexualized, and inferior to all others.

“This begins to meet the need for fuller representations of Black women that challenge the typical media portrayals of women of color as threatening, hypersexualized, and inferior to all others (Chavez, 2013;Collins, 2004;Dunbar-Ortiz, 2014;Feagin, 2013;hooks, 1992;Nagel, 2003;Slatton, 2015;Springer, 2008).”

• cites Chavez, 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Collins, 2004Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Springer, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Davis (1983) discusses how societal ideas both shape and are influenced by print media on Black women; television and social media are the contemporary media forms in which ideas of Black womanhood are expressed.

“Davis (1983) discusses how societal ideas both shape and are influenced by print media on Black women; television and social media are the contemporary media forms in which ideas of Black womanhood are expressed.”

• cites Davis (1983)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Both the originator of a tweet and the reader of that tweet are exposed to this particular discussion of Black identity.

“Both the originator of a tweet and the reader of that tweet are exposed to this particular discussion of Black identity.”

May combine two claims.

Twitter users express their views on Black identity, are exposed to potentially opposing views, and have the opportunity to discuss these ideas with an online community.

“Twitter users express their views on Black identity, are exposed to potentially opposing views, and have the opportunity to discuss these ideas with an online community.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

We reviewed every avatar and profile of those in the random sampling.

“We then reviewed every avatar and profile of those in the random sampling.”

May combine two claims.

The tweets represented herein indicate explicit engagement in discourse, but this number is not truly representative of the full discourse.

“It is important to recognize that though the tweets represented herein indicate explicit engagement in discourse, this number is not truly representative of the full discourse.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

To provide some validity to our claims, we took a random sampling of tweets associated with key words on episode air dates.

“Thus to provide some validity to our claims, we took a random sampling of tweets associated with key words on episode air dates.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

We do not suggest that every tweet represents a unique individual.

“We do not suggest that every tweet represents a unique individual.”

May combine two claims.

Twitter users recall shared past experiences, which provide social support for Black women who are able to connect with others online regardless of physical distance.

“Twitter users recall shared past experiences, which provide social support for Black women who are able to connect with others online regardless of physical distance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Second screening also provides a space in which to demand a more multifaceted depiction of Black women in media.

“Second screening also provides a space in which to demand a more multifaceted depiction of Black women in media.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is difficult to truly determine what proportion of Black viewers engage in these conversations.

“Thus it is difficult to truly determine what proportion of Black viewers engage in these conversations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Those who retweet are not explicitly represented but they can indicate their interest or solidarity by favoriting or liking the tweet.

“So those who retweet are not explicitly represented but they can indicate their interest or solidarity by favoriting or liking the tweet.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Older Black women may not participate directly because they do not or cannot use social media such as Twitter, but they are still represented in our study because they watch with sisters, daughters, and nieces that participate in the discourse via the second screen.

“Older Black women may not participate directly because they do not or cannot use social media such as Twitter, however, as we demonstrate later, they are still represented in our study because they watch with sisters, daughters, and nieces that participate in the discourse via the second screen.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Second screening grants the opportunity to collectively remember and bond across generations.

“Second screening grants the opportunity to collectively remember and bond across generations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

CH uses algorithms based on human coders to generate linguistic trends.

“CH uses algorithms based on human coders to generate linguistic trends (Runge et al., 2013).”

• cites Runge et al., 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Black women have historically been and continue to be depicted in popular culture as tough, unattractive, and undesirable or sexually immoral and hypersexual.

“Black women have historically been and continue to be depicted in popular culture as tough, unattractive, and undesirable or sexually immoral and hypersexual.”

• cites Chavez, 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Collins, 2004Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Springer, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.