CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 169Urinary Tract Infections ManagementUrinary Bladder and Prostate ResearchPediatric Urology and Nephrology Studies

The Etiology and Management of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Postmenopausal Women

Open access
Jung, C., Brubaker, L.·2019·Climacteric
DOI 10.1080/13697137.2018.1551871PMC PMC6629580
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infections and affect up to 50% of women in their lifetime, with almost half of these women experiencing a recurrence in 6-12 months. Menopause predisposes women to recurrent UTI (rUTI), as normally lower levels of estrogen lead to changes in the urogenital epithelium and subsequently urogenital microbiome. The recently discovered urobiome is now known to have different compositions in both healthy and unhealthy bladders, including a role in the pathophysiology of rUTI, and may be a therapeutic target for prevention and treatment options for rUTI. In postmenopausal women with frequent UTI, the diagnosis of acute UTI should be made using a combination of the symptom assessment and urine diagnostic studies. The choice of UTI antibiotic should include consideration of efficacy, collateral effects, and side-effects. Some women may be candidates for self-start therapy, in which the patient accurately recognizes her UTI symptoms and then starts previously prescribed antibiotics. A large component of the management of women with rUTI is prevention. Urobiome research for bladder health and disease is a young field of investigation with significant potential to improve care for postmenopausal women affected by rUTI through novel, evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/13697137.2018.1551871

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Lactobacillus metabolism is sugar dependent: they ferment sugar and create an acidic, lactobacilli-dominated urogenital ecosystem rather than a pathogen-dominated one.

    “Lactobacillus metabolism is sugar dependent. They ferment sugar (prebiotic) and create an acidic uro-genital tract ecosystem, 'lactobacillocentric' (lactobacilli live in acid microenvironment while pathogen bacteria cannot) and not 'pathogenocentric' [70].”

    From Vaginal microbiota and urinary tract infections in women: the protective role of vaginal lactobacilli in counteracting urinary tract infections occurrence and recurrence (2026) · cites this paper as [70]

    The Epidemiology and Pathophysiology section says vaginal Lactobacillus depends on epithelial glycogen and ferments it into lactic acid, which inhibits other bacteria and helps maintain a protective vaginal microbiome. The Prevention section also links lower Lactobacillus levels with higher pH in the urogenital niche. The cited paper does not establish the citing sentence’s stronger assertion that pathogens cannot live in an acidic environment; its explanation of this mechanism is specifically vaginal. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Using a probiotic plus a prebiotic (lactose) to restore the urogenital ecosystem makes it more resistant to pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli.

    “Considering that low estrogen production in women is frequent during different phases of their life (for instance, during menopause), it seems reasonable to use a probiotic plus a prebiotic (lactose) to restore the urogenital ecosystem and make it more resistant to pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli [70].”

    From Vaginal microbiota and urinary tract infections in women: the protective role of vaginal lactobacilli in counteracting urinary tract infections occurrence and recurrence (2026) · cites this paper as [70]

    The Epidemiology and Pathophysiology section explains that Lactobacillus helps protect the vaginal microbiome against uropathogens. The Prevention section says probiotics are biologically plausible for UTI prevention, but it does not support combining a probiotic with lactose as a prebiotic to restore the urogenital ecosystem; it also reports no demonstrated benefit for oral probiotics. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Lactobacilli can create local acidification (pH below 4.5) as a physiological defence in the female urogenital tract.

    “Lactobacilli can create local acidification (low pH <4.5) as a physiological defence in the female urogenital tract.”

    From Vaginal microbiota and urinary tract infections in women: the protective role of vaginal lactobacilli in counteracting urinary tract infections occurrence and recurrence (2026) · cites this paper as [70]

    The Epidemiology and Pathophysiology section says vaginal lactobacilli produce lactic acid that inhibits other bacteria and helps maintain a protective microbiome. The Prevention section associates fewer lactobacilli with higher urogenital pH. Neither section specifies that lactobacilli lower pH below 4.5, so the numerical threshold is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Lactobacilli are directly dependent on glycogen as their optimal metabolic substrate for fermentation.

    “Lactobacilli are directly dependent on glycogen and their optimal metabolic substrates for fermentation [70].”

    From Vaginal microbiota and urinary tract infections in women: the protective role of vaginal lactobacilli in counteracting urinary tract infections occurrence and recurrence (2026) · cites this paper as [70]

    The Epidemiology and Pathophysiology section says vaginal Lactobacillus species depend on glycogen produced by epithelial cells and ferment glycogen to produce lactic acid. It does not say glycogen is their optimal fermentation substrate, so that added qualification is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • A hormonal factor makes the female vaginal and urogenital tracts more susceptible to urinary tract infection and its recurrence than those of men.

    “In the female urogenital tract, there is another relevant factor making the vaginal and urogenital tracts more susceptible to UTI and UTIs recurrence when compared with men: the 'hormonal factor' [70].”

    From Vaginal microbiota and urinary tract infections in women: the protective role of vaginal lactobacilli in counteracting urinary tract infections occurrence and recurrence (2026) · cites this paper as [70]

    The Epidemiology and Pathophysiology section explains that postmenopausal estrogen changes weaken vaginal defenses against UTI, and the Introduction says postmenopausal women are disproportionately affected by recurrent UTI. The source does not establish that this hormonal mechanism makes women generally more susceptible than men; its explanation is specific to menopause. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 89

  1. [1]Laupland KB, Ross T, Pitout JDD, Church DL & Gregson DB Community-onset Urinary Tract Infections: A Population-based Assessment. Infection 35, 150– 153 (2007). 17565455
  2. [2]Human Microbiome Project Consortium. A framework for human microbiome research. Nature 486, 215– 221 (2012). 22699610 PMC3377744
  3. [3]Woese CR & Fox GE Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 74, 5088– 90 (1977). 270744 PMC432104
  4. [4]Wolfe AJ Evidence of uncultivated bacteria in the adult female bladder. J. Clin. Microbiol 50, 1376– 1383 (2012). 22278835 PMC3318548
  5. [5]Siddiqui H, Nederbragt AJ, Lagesen K, Jeansson SL & Jakobsen KS Assessing diversity of the female urine microbiota by high throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA amplicons. BMC Microbiol. 11, 244 (2011). 22047020 PMC3228714
  6. [6]Pearce MM The female urinary microbiome: a comparison of women with and without urgency urinary incontinence. MBio 5, e01283– 14 (2014). 25006228 PMC4161260
  7. [7]Schneeweiss J, Koch M & Umek W The human urinary microbiome and how it relates to urogynecology. Int. Urogynecol. J. 27, 1307– 1312 (2016). 26811114
  8. [8]Siddiqui H, Lagesen K, Nederbragt AJ, Jeansson SL & Jakobsen KS Alterations of microbiota in urine from women with interstitial cystitis. BMC Microbiol. 12, 205 (2012). 22974186 PMC3538702
  9. [9]Foxman B Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs. Am. J. Med 113 Suppl, 5S– 13S (2002). 12113866
  10. [10]Marielle AJ Beerepoot M Lactobacilli vs Antibiotics to Prevent Urinary Tract Infections. Arch. Intern. Med 172, 704– 712 (2012). 22782199
  11. [11]Wagenlehner FME Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections. Minerva Urol. Nefrol. 65, 9– 20 (2013). 23538307
  12. [12]Epp A Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Canada 32, 1082– 1090 (2010). 21176321
  13. [13]Haylen BT An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Int. Urogynecol. J. Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 21, (2010). 19937315
  14. [14]Nicolle LE Infectious diseases society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults. Clin. Infect. Dis 40, 643– 654 (2005). 15714408
  15. [15]Hooton TM Recurrent urinary tract infection in women. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 17, 259– 268 (2001). 11295405
  16. [16]Mody L & Juthani-Mehta M Urinary tract infections in older women. JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc 311, 844– 854 (2014). PMC4194886 24570248
  17. [17]Raz R Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Postmenopausal Women. Clin. Infect. Dis 30, 152– 156 (2000). 10619744
  18. [18]Huang B, Fettweis JM, Brooks JP, Jefferson KK & Buck GA The changing landscape of the vaginal microbiome. Clin. Lab. Med. 34, 747– 61 (2014). 25439274 PMC4254509
  19. [19]O’Hanlon DE, Moench TR & Cone RA Vaginal pH and Microbicidal Lactic Acid When Lactobacilli Dominate the Microbiota. PLoS One 8, e80074 (2013). 24223212 PMC3819307
  20. [21]Boris S, Suárez JE, Vázquez F & Barbés C Adherence of human vaginal lactobacilli to vaginal epithelial cells and interaction with uropathogens. Infect. Immun 66, 1985– 9 (1998). 9573080 PMC108154
  21. [22]Zarate G & Nader-Macias ME Influence of probiotic vaginal lactobacilli on in vitro adhesion of urogenital pathogens to vaginal epithelial cells. Lett. Appl. Microbiol 43, 174– 180 (2006). 16869901
  22. [23]Portman DJ, Gass MLS & Vulvovaginal Atrophy Terminology Consensus Conference Panel. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health and The North American Menopause Society. Climacteric 17, 557– 563 (2014). 25153131
  23. [24]Raz R & Stamm WE A Controlled Trial of Intravaginal Estriol in Postmenopausal Women with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections. N. Engl. J. Med 329, 753– 756 (1993). 8350884
  24. [25]Mody L & Juthani-Mehta M Urinary Tract Infections in Older Women. JAMA 311, 844 (2014). 24570248 PMC4194886
  25. [26]Bachmann GA & Nevadunsky NS Diagnosis and treatment of atrophic vaginitis. Am. Fam. Physician 61, 3090– 6 (2000). 10839558
  26. [27]Nappi RE & Kokot-Kierepa M Vaginal Health: Insights, Views & Attitudes (VIVA) - results from an international survey. Climacteric 15, 36– 44 (2012). 22168244
  27. [28]Anger JT, Saigal CS, Litwin MS & Urologic Diseases of America Project. The prevalence of urinary incontinence among community dwelling adult women: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J. Urol 175, 601– 4 (2006). 16407004
  28. [29]Al-Mukhtar Othman J, Åkervall S, Milsom I & Gyhagen M Urinary incontinence in nulliparous women aged 25–64 years: a national survey. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 216, 149.e1– 149.e11 (2017). 27720862
  29. [30]Monane M Epidemiologic and diagnostic aspects of bacteriuria: a longitudinal study in older women. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc 43, 618– 22 (1995). 7775718
  30. [31]Rowe TA & Juthani-Mehta M Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infection in Older Adults. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am 28, 75– 89 (2014). 24484576 PMC4079031
  31. [32]Hartley S Overtreatment of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria: Identifying Targets for Improvement. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol 36, 470– 473 (2015). 25782904
  32. [33]Hilt EE Urine Is Not Sterile: Use of Enhanced Urine Culture Techniques To Detect Resident Bacterial Flora in the Adult Female Bladder. J. Clin. Microbiol 52, 871– 876 (2014). 24371246 PMC3957746
  33. [35]Khasriya R Lower urinary tract symptoms that predict microscopic pyuria. Int. Urogynecol. J 29, 1019– 1028 (2018). 28971220 PMC6004270
  34. [36]Fairchild TN, Shuman W & Berger RE Radiographic studies for women with recurrent urinary tract infections. J. Urol 128, 344– 5 (1982). 7109105
  35. [37]LAWRENTSCHUK N, OOI J, PANG A, NAIDU KS & BOLTON DM Cystoscopy in women with recurrent urinary tract infection. Int. J. Urol 13, 350– 353 (2006). 16734849
  36. [38]Webb JA Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of renal obstruction. BMJ 301, 944– 6 (1990). 2249023 PMC1664179
  37. [39]Pfister SA Unenhanced helical computed tomography vs intravenous urography in patients with acute flank pain: accuracy and economic impact in a randomized prospective trial. Eur. Radiol 13, 2513– 20 (2003). 12898174
  38. [40]Smith RC, Verga M, McCarthy S & Rosenfield AT Diagnosis of acute flank pain: value of unenhanced helical CT. AJR. Am. J. Roentgenol 166, 97– 101 (1996). 8571915
  39. [41]Wu Y. (Rose) Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections Due to Bacterial Persistence or Reinfection in Women—Does This Factor Impact Upper Tract Imaging Findings? J. Urol 196, 422– 428 (2016). 26880409
  40. [42]Brisbane W, Bailey MR & Sorensen MD An overview of kidney stone imaging techniques. Nat. Rev. Urol 13, 654– 662 (2016). 27578040 PMC5443345
  41. [43]Dwarkasing RS MRI evaluation of urethral diverticula and differential diagnosis in symptomatic women. AJR. Am. J. Roentgenol 197, 676– 82 (2011). 21862811
  42. [44]Chung DE, Purohit RS, Girshman J & Blaivas JG Urethral diverticula in women: discrepancies between magnetic resonance imaging and surgical findings. J. Urol 183, 2265– 9 (2010). 20400161
  43. [45]Gágyor I Ibuprofen versus fosfomycin for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 351, h6544 (2015). 26698878 PMC4688879
  44. [46]Cai T The Role of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Young Women With Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections: To Treat or Not to Treat? Clin. Infect. Dis 55, 771– 777 (2012). 22677710
  45. [47]Cortes-Penfield NW, Trautner BW & Jump RLP Urinary Tract Infection and Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Older Adults. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am 31, 673– 688 (2017). 29079155 PMC5802407
  46. [48]Zelenitsky SA & Zhanel GG Phenazopyridine in Urinary Tract Infections. Ann. Pharmacother 30, 866– 868 (1996). 8826573
  47. [49]Gupta K International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin. Infect. Dis 52, 103– 120 (2011). 21292654
  48. [50]Falagas ME Fosfomycin versus other antibiotics for the treatment of cystitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Antimicrob. Chemother 65, 1862– 77 (2010). 20587612
  49. [51]Schaeffer AJ & Stuppy BA Efficacy and safety of self-start therapy in women with recurrent urinary tract infections. J. Urol 161, 207– 11 (1999). 10037399
  50. [52]Wong ES Management of recurrent urinary tract infections with patient-administered single-dose therapy. Ann. Intern. Med 102, 302– 7 (1985). 3871597
  51. [53]Gustafsson RJ The Lactobacillus flora in vagina and rectum of fertile and postmenopausal healthy Swedish women. BMC Womens. Health 11, 17 (2011). 21609500 PMC3118184
  52. [54]Zhang R Qualitative and semiquantitative analysis of Lactobacillus species in the vaginas of healthy fertile and postmenopausal Chinese women. J. Med. Microbiol 61, 729– 739 (2012). 22301614
  53. [55]Brotman RM Association between cigarette smoking and the vaginal microbiota: a pilot study. BMC Infect. Dis. 14, 471 (2014). 25169082 PMC4161850
  54. [56]Fashemi B, Delaney ML, Onderdonk AB & Fichorova RN Effects of feminine hygiene products on the vaginal mucosal biome. Microb. Ecol. Heal. Dis 24, (2013). PMC3758931 24009546
  55. [57]Pavlova SI & Tao L In vitro inhibition of commercial douche products against vaginal microflora. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol 8, 99– 104 (2000). 10805365 PMC1784667
  56. [58]Juliano C, Piu L, Gavini E, Zanetti S & Fadda G In vitro antibacterial activity of antiseptics against vaginal lactobacilli. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis 11, 1166– 9 (1992). 1291315
  57. [59]Perrotta C, Aznar M, Mejia R, Albert X & Ng CW Oestrogens for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev CD005131 (2008). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005131.pub2 18425910 PMC13598824 · DOI
  58. [60]Kranjčec B, Papeš D & Altarac S d-mannose powder for prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections in women: a randomized clinical trial. World J. Urol 32, 79– 84 (2014). 23633128
  59. [62]Schwenger E, Tejani A & PS L Probiotics for preventing urinary tract infections in adults and children (Review). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev (2015). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008772.pub2.www.cochranelibrary.com PMC8720415 26695595 · DOI
  60. [63]Stapleton AE Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Trial of a Lactobacillus crispatus Probiotic Given Intravaginally for Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection. Clin. Infect. Dis 52, 1212– 1217 (2011). 21498386 PMC3079401
  61. [64]Jepson RG, Williams G & Craig JC Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev 10, CD001321 (2012). 23076891 PMC7027998
  62. [65]Foxman B Urinary tract infection among women aged 40 to 65: behavioral and sexual risk factors. J. Clin. Epidemiol 54, 710– 8 (2001). 11438412
  63. [66]Juthani-Mehta M Effect of Cranberry Capsules on Bacteriuria Plus Pyuria Among Older Women in Nursing Homes. JAMA 316, 1879 (2016). 27787564 PMC5300771
  64. [67]Ochoa-Brust GJ Daily intake of 100 mg ascorbic acid as urinary tract infection prophylactic agent during pregnancy. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand 86, 783– 787 (2007). 17611821
  65. [68]Melekos MD Post-intercourse versus daily ciprofloxacin prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections in premenopausal women. J. Urol 157, 935– 9 (1997). 9072603
  66. [69]Stapleton A, Latham RH, Johnson C & Stamm WE Postcoital antimicrobial prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. JAMA 264, 703– 6 (1990). 2197450
  67. [70]Albert X Antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in non-pregnant women. Cochrane database Syst. Rev CD001209 (2004). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001209.pub2 15266443 PMC7032641 · DOI
  68. [71]Abrams P The use of intravesical gentamicin to treat recurrent urinary tract infections in lower urinary tract dysfunction. Neurourol. Urodyn 36, 2109– 2116 (2017). 28503891
  69. [72]Pietropaolo A, Jones P, Moors M, Birch B & Somani BK Use and Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Intravesical Treatment for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): a Systematic Review. Curr. Urol. Rep 19, 78 (2018). 30094687 PMC6097067
  70. [73]Wan J Intravesical instillation of gentamicin sulfate: in vitro, rat, canine, and human studies. Urology 43, 531– 6 (1994). 8154077
  71. [74]Defoor W Safety of gentamicin bladder irrigations in complex urological cases. J. Urol 175, 1861– 4 (2006). 16600780
  72. [75]Thomas-White KJ Incontinence medication response relates to the female urinary microbiota. Int. Urogynecol. J 27, 723– 733 (2016). 26423260 PMC5119460
  73. [76]Laosu-angkoon S The sensitivity and specificity of a urine leukocyte esterase dipstick test for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in the outpatient clinic of Rajavithi Hospital. J. Med. Assoc. Thai 96, 849– 53 (2013). 24319857
  74. [77]Najeeb S Comparison of urine dipstick test with conventional urine culture in diagnosis of urinary tract infection. J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak 25, 108– 10 (2015). 25703753
  75. [79]Hessdoerfer E, Jundt K & Peschers U Is a dipstick test sufficient to exclude urinary tract infection in women with overactive bladder? Int. Urogynecol. J 22, 229– 232 (2011). 20838986
  76. [80]Pfaller MA & Koontz FP Laboratory evaluation of leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests for the detection of bacteriuria. J. Clin. Microbiol 21, 840– 2 (1985). 3998118 PMC271794
  77. [81]Stamm WE Measurement of pyuria and its relation to bacteriuria. Am. J. Med 75, 53– 8 (1983). 6349345
  78. [82]Gray Sears CL Prospective comparison of computerized tomography and excretory urography in the initial evaluation of asymptomatic microhematuria. J. Urol 168, 2457– 60 (2002). 12441939
  79. [83]O’Connor OJ, McSweeney SE & Maher MM Imaging of hematuria. Radiol. Clin. North Am 46, 113– 32, vii (2008). 18328883
  80. [84]Kass EH Asymptomatic infections of the urinary tract. J. Urol 167, 1016– 1020 (2002). 11905871
  81. [85]Brubaker L & Wolfe AJ The new world of the urinary microbiota in women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 213, 644– 649 (2015). 26003055 PMC4876712
  82. [87]Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Cox ME & Stapleton AE Voided midstream urine culture and acute cystitis in premenopausal women. N. Engl. J. Med 369, 1883– 91 (2013). 24224622 PMC4041367
  83. [88]Kline KA & Lewis AL Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract. Microbiol. Spectr 4, (2016). PMC4888879 27227294
  84. [89]Arabyat RM, Raisch DW, McKoy JM & Bennett CL Fluoroquinolone-associated tendon-rupture: a summary of reports in the Food and Drug Administration’s adverse event reporting system. Expert Opin. Drug Saf 14, 1653– 1660 (2015). 26393387
  85. [90]Castelló T, Girona L, Gómez MR, Mena Mur A & García L The possible value of ascorbic acid as a prophylactic agent for urinary tract infection. Spinal Cord 34, 592– 3 (1996). 8896124
  86. [91]Madani Y & Mann B Nitrofurantoin-induced lung disease and prophylaxis of urinary tract infections. Prim. Care Respir. J. 21, 337– 341 (2012). 22836745 PMC6547957
  87. [92]Practice Bulletin No. 141. Obstet. Gynecol. 123, 202– 216 (2014). 24463691
  88. [93]Rudenko N & Dorofeyev A Prevention of recurrent lower urinary tract infections by long-term administration of fosfomycin trometamol. Double blind, randomized, parallel group, placebo controlled study. Arzneimittelforschung. 55, 420– 7 (2005). 16080282
  89. [94]Oplinger M & Andrews CO Nitrofurantoin contraindication in patients with a creatinine clearance below 60 mL/min: looking for the evidence. Ann. Pharmacother 47, 106– 11 (2013). 23341159

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Jung, C., & Brubaker, L.
Affiliations
University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author
Brubaker, L.
ORCID
Brubaker, L.
Venue
Climacteric
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2019-01-09
Volume
22
Issue
3
Pages
242-249
ISSN
  • 1369-7137 (ISSN-L)
  • 1473-0804
DOI
10.1080/13697137.2018.1551871
PMC
PMC6629580
OpenAlex
W2910045600
Cited by
169
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
FWCI
2.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Climacteric (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK104718)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Urinary Tract Infections Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Urinary Bladder and Prostate Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Urology and Nephrology Studies
Keywords
recurrent urinary tract infection, postmenopausal women, menopause, estrogen deficiency, urinary microbiome, urogenital microbiota, UTI diagnosis, antibiotic selection, urinary tract infection prevention, bladder health
MeSH terms
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Epithelium, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Urinary Tract Infections, Urogenital System, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Postmenopause, Microbiota

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review