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Meta-analytic evidence for stability in attachments from infancy to early adulthood
Abstract
The present meta-analysis integrates results from 127 papers on attachment stability towards mothers and fathers, respectively, from infancy to early adulthood. More than twenty-one thousand attachments (n = 21,072) and 225 time intervals were explored, ranging from half a month to 29 years (348 months). An overall coefficient of r = .39 between times T1 and T2 was obtained, reflecting a medium-sized stability of attachment security. However, no significant stability was found in intervals larger than 15 years. Coefficients are higher for time intervals of less than two years compared to time spans of more than five years, if attachments were assessed beyond infancy using representational rather than behavioral measures and if normal middle class as opposed to at-risk samples were involved. Furthermore, securely attached children at risk were less likely to maintain attachment security whereas insecurely attached children at risk most likely maintained insecurity.
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“Although attachment style can evolve through significant relational experiences, longitudinal research indicates that it retains moderate stability across the lifespan [24, 25].”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
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“…of CONTACT Casey P. Homan caseyhoman@berkeley.edu © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group attachment may be subject to change over time (Buist et al. 2002; Fraley 2002; Lewis, Feiring, and Rosenthal 2000; Pinquart, Feußner, and Ahnert 2013; Weinfield, Sroufe, and Egeland 2000).”
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BackgroundResultAhnert, L. (2016) · doi:10.3233/dev-16198 · Cited by 1
“…of sensitivity as it also must carefully deal with measurement problems in capturing attachment for which applicationsoftheStrangeSituation,theAttachment-Q-Set(bothbasedonobservations),andtheSTRS question-nairecanmakesignificantdifferencesin attachmentoutcomes(e.g.,Pinquart,Feussner,& Ahnert,2013).”
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Łukasik, A., & Łaba-Hornecka, A. (2026) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/14747049261473640
“Thus, as suggested by some longitudinal research on the stability of attachment styles from childhood to adulthood (Pinquart et al., 2013; Waters et al., 2000), insecure attachment styles developed in children experiencing negative situations (e.g., abuse, parental divorce, or low socio-economic…”
Mentalizing and Attachment From Infancy to Young Adulthood: Insights From the Metera Adoption Study
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“This is consistent with evidence indicating modest stability of attachment from infancy to adulthood (Pinquart et al. 2013), a pattern also observed in the present sample (Zournatzidis et al. 2026).”
Bauer, M., & Soubelet, A. (2026) · Neuropsychiatrie de l Enfance et de l Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2026.04.002
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“The stability of attachment appears to increase after toddlerhood, suggesting more mal-leability in infancy and early toddlerhood (Pinquart et al., 2013 ) that might explain why exposure to neglect did not have an effect on DSED behaviours if placement into foster or kinship care occurred before 24…”
Bailes, L. G., Augustine, M. E., Girod, S. A., & Leerkes, E. M. (2026) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2026.2637554
“A large body of research has demonstrated that attachment security is moderately stable across development (Fraley et al., 2011; Jones et al., 2018; Pinquart et al., 2013; Waters et al., 2022).”
Cox, E., Lazarowski, L., Smith, J. G., Mitchell, K. C., Deshpande, G., Krueger, F., & Katz, J. S. (2026) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2026.106985
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Houbrechts, M., Leng, L., Vervliet, B., D’Hooge, R., Finet, C., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Elst, I., Vermeulen, J., & Bosmans, G. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09116-3
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Tuborgh, A. H., Svendsen, S. W., Elklit, A., Hunter, J., Jensen, J. S., Ørnbøl, E., Schröder, A., Nielsen, J. F., Thastum, M. M., Næss‐Schmidt, E. T., et al. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.13094
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Maciel, M. R., Calsavara, V. F., Zylberstajn, C., Mello, M. F., Coimbra, B. M., & Mello, A. F. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1325622 · Cited by 1
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“Consistent with results of previous studies and meta-analyses (e.g., Dubois-Comtois et al., 2011; Pinquart et al., 2013), we found that children with higher secure base script scores (SBS) at age 5 reported feeling more secure with both parents at ages 8 and 9.”
ResultShah, S., Laplante, D. P., Atkinson, L. R., & Wazana, A. D. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000817 · Cited by 5
“In order to promote healthy socioemotional development, it isvital to interveneearly: attachment appears to be a dynamic yet moderately stable process, less likely to change as children age [15,16], and the relationship between attachment and psychopathology generally increases with age [8,10].”
BackgroundΔημάτης, Κ., & Βορριά, Π. (2021) · Psychology the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society · doi:10.12681/psy_hps.26230
“Pinquart et al., 2013.”
Sallis, H., Smith, G. D., & Munafo, M. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.024 · Cited by 1
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“Longitudinal studies have found that attachment patterns evident early in development remain stable over time (Pinquart, 2013).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pinquart, M., Feußner, C., & Ahnert, L.
- Affiliations
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Pinquart, Martin
- Venue
- Attachment & Human Development
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-218
- ISSN
- 1461-6734 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2988
- OpenAlex
- W2003695103
- Cited by
- 317
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 17.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Attachment & Human Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- attachment stability, attachment security, maternal attachment, paternal attachment, time interval effects, insecure attachment, vulnerable children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Infant, Object Attachment, Parent-Child Relations, Risk Factors, Young Adult
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