Attachment from Infancy to Early Adulthood in a High-Risk Sample: Continuity, Discontinuity, and Their Correlates
Abstract
This study explores the stability of attachment security and representations from infancy to early adulthood in a sample chosen originally for poverty and high risk for poor developmental outcomes. Participants for this study were 57 young adults who are part of an ongoing prospective study of development and adaptation in a high-risk sample. Attachment was assessed during infancy by using the Ainsworth Strange Situation (Ainsworth & Wittig) and at age 19 by using the Berkeley Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, & Main). Possible correlates of continuity and discontinuity in attachment were drawn from assessments of the participants and their mothers over the course of the study. Results provided no evidence for significant continuity between infant and adult attachment in this sample, with many participants transitioning to insecurity. The evidence, however, indicated that there might be lawful discontinuity. Analyses of correlates of continuity and discontinuity in attachment classification from infancy to adulthood indicated that the continuous and discontinuous groups were differentiated on the basis of child maltreatment, maternal depression, and family functioning in early adolescence. These results provide evidence that although attachment has been found to be stable over time in other samples, attachment representations are vulnerable to difficult and chaotic life experiences.
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Prospective studies confirmed an impact of stressful life experiences on attachment security.
“And indeed, prospective studies confirmed an impact of stressful life experiences on attachment security (e.g. [10, 11]).”
From Get secure soon: attachment in abused adolescents and young adults before and after trauma-focused cognitive processing therapy. (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
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Becker-Stoll, F., Fremmer‐Bombik, E., Wartner, U. G., Zimmermann, P., & Grossmann, K. E. (2008) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025408093654 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Assessing patterns of adult attachment in medical patients
Maunder, R., & Hunter, J. (2008) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.10.007 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
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Maunder, R., & Hunter, J. (2022) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2022.50.2.360 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Diener, E., Casady, M. A., & Wright, C. (2003) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.2003.0007 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Experiential and hormonal correlates of maternal behavior in teen and adult mothers
Krpan, K. M., Coombs, R., Zinga, D., Steiner, M., & Fleming, A. S. (2005) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.08.006 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Very preterm/very low birthweight infants’ attachment: infant and maternal characteristics
Dieter Wolke, C., Eryigit‐Madzwamuse, S., & Gutbrod, T. (2013) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal & Neonatal · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-303788 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Waters, T. E. A., Ruiz, S. K., & Roisman, G. I. (2016) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12571 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
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Attachment and Personality Disorders: A Short Review
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- Authors
- Weinfield, N. S., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2000-05-01
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 695-702
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W1982152688
- Cited by
- 570
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 24.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Minnesota
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH40864-08, R01MH040864)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- attachment security, infant attachment, adult attachment, vulnerable children, poverty, child abuse, maternal depression, family functioning, early adolescence, attachment representations, Ainsworth Strange Situation, Adult Attachment Interview
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Object Attachment, Prospective Studies, Stress, Psychological
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