A comparison of self-report measures of nicotine dependence among male drug/alcohol-dependent cigarette smokers
Abstract
This study examined the psychometric properties and validity of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ), the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) when used as self-report measures of nicotine dependence among male drug/alcohol-dependent smokers (n=191 participants in a large stop-smoking study). All three measures had fairly low internal consistency. The FTQ and FTND had similar two-factor structures, but the FTND factor structure accounted for a greater percentage of the item variance. All three measures were significantly correlated in the expected directions with several independent self-report and biochemical indicators of nicotine dependence (e.g., cigarette pack-years, cotinine) and with baseline measures of smoking topography. The FTND outperformed the FTQ on several correlations, and the HSI outperformed both the FTQ and the FTND. Results concerning correlations between each of the three measures and indicators of compensation in response to reductions in nicotine availability were equivocal. The HSI and FTND were predictive of at least 4 weeks of biochemically verified postquit abstinence among a subsample of individuals receiving smoking treatment (n=93). All three measures had mediocre psychometric properties, and the magnitudes of their relationships with independent indicators were generally modest. All three measures appeared to be valid as self-report measures of nicotine dependence among male drug/alcohol-dependent individuals. The HSI appeared to be the best of the three measures; thus, studies of drug/alcohol-dependent smokers should be sure to report the results from this measure. Efforts to develop self-report measures of nicotine dependence with better properties and performance in this population should continue to be pursued.
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The strength of nicotine hunger can be usefully assessed by recording how soon after waking the smoker first lights up a cigarette.
“The strength of this can be usefully assessed by recording how soon after waking the smoker first lights up a cigarette (17,18).”
From The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop (2009) · cites this paper as [17]
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“Burling & Burling(21) Dependentes de drogas/álcool FTND Monóxido de carbono 0,59”
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“moking and related problems in the past four weeks (Burling and Burling, 2003).”
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“The strength of this can be usefully assessed by recording how soon after waking the smoker first lights up a cigarette (17, 18).”
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“[20,41] An Indian study also confirmed that FTND had low reliability (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.57) in the Indian setting.”
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“The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence is a 6-item scale measuring nicotine dependence (possible range 0–10) and has shown adequate psychometrics (Burling & Burling, 2003; Etter, VuDuc, & Perneger, 1999).”
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“Most of the studies that evaluated and compared the HSI with the FTND obtained similar results ( Burling & Burling, 2003 ; Chabrol et al. ; De Leon et al. ; Etter, Duc, & Perneger, 1999 ; Heatherton et al., 1991 ; Kozlowski, Porter, Orleans, Pope, & Heatherton, 1994 ).”
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“Finally, nicotine use and nicotine related problems were assessed with the Heavy Smoking Index (HSI); a two-item measure including “time to first cigarette of day” and “number of daily cigarettes” (Burling and Burling, 2003).”
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“This is in line with what was demonstrated in the literature in light [24] and heavy smokers [19], but lower than reported results in drug-dependent individuals [5] and those with post-traumatic stress disorder [4].”
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“Such women are often more addicted (Burling and Burling 2003; CASA 2005), less able to resist cross-substance craving (Drobes et al. 2000; McKee et al. 2006; Rohsenow et al. 2005), and less motivated to quit (Ceballos et al. 2006).”
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“…Sample Intervention(s) Control condition Outcome factor(s) examined (* = significant) Findings Studies involving original data collection Burling and Burling (2003); Burling et al. (2001) N = 191; inpatient; male: 100%; M cigs/day: 17.2; alcohol, with or without drug NRT + 1 of 2…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSmoking experience modulates the cortical integration of vision and haptics
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“Furthermore, FTND scores and baseline smoking topography measures are closely associated (Burling and Burling, 2003).”
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“Previous studies have reported the reliability and validity of the mFTQ among adult cigarette smokers (Burling & Burling, 2003; Prokhorov, Pallonen, Fava, & Ding Niaura, 1996; Prokhorov, Koehly, Pallonen, & Hudmon, 1998), adolescent cigarette smokers (Prokhorov et al., 2001; Rojas, Killen, Haydel,…”
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“The HSI has shown only good agreement (kappa 0.72–0.78) with the FTCD in several population studies (Burling & Burling, 2003; Chabrol, Niezborala, Chastan, & de Leon, 2005; Diaz et al., 2005; de Leon et al., 2003; Kozlowski et al., 1994; P erez-R ıos et al., 2009), which suggests that this…”
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“Seidner, Burling and Burling (2003) report Cronbach’s α across studies between .55-.74.”
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Vest, B. H., Kane, C. F., DeMarce, J. M., et al. (2014) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2014.08.002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Saperstein, A. M. (2009) · University Libraries (University of Maryland)
- Authors
- Seidner Burling, A., & Burling, T.
- Affiliations
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Venue
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-10-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 625-633
- ISSN
- 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-994X
- OpenAlex
- W2056811566
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- National Institutes of Health (5r01da007426-04)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA07426)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- nicotine dependence, self-report measures, Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, Heaviness of Smoking Index, psychometric properties, validity, internal consistency, factor structure, male smokers, smoking cessation, cotinine, smoking topography
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cotinine, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self-Assessment, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tobacco Use Disorder, Reproducibility of Results, Substance-Related Disorders
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