The DOI matches its Crossref record; 124 of the 124 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Limiting Dissent: The Mechanisms of State Repression in the USA
Abstract
Despite longstanding traditions of tolerance, inclusion, and democracy in the USA, dissident citizens and social movements have experienced significant and sustained – although often subtle and difficult-to-observe – repression. Using mechanism-based social movement theory, I explore a range of twentieth-century episodes of contention, involving such groups as mid-century communists, the Black Panther Party, the American Indian Movement, and the modern-day Global Justice Movement. Cracking open the black box of state repression, I demonstrate how four interactive social mechanisms – Resource Depletion, Stigmatization, Divisive Disruption, and Intimidation – animate state repression. A fifth mechanism – Emulation – diffuses the effects of these four Mechanisms of Repression. First I delineate a typology of state actions that suppress dissent. Then I shift analytically from these ten actions to the Mechanisms of Repression, explaining how these mechanisms work. Drawing on scholarship from an array of fields, and pulling data from a variety of sources, I explain how the state has engaged in activity that – operating through social mechanisms – inhibits collective action, either through raising the costs or minimizing the benefits of mobilization.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Subsequent research has also shown that media may play a larger role in conventional repression than the typology recognized (23).”
From Physical and virtual repertoires of contention (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
Citations
Cites
(1954) · Cited by 15,935
Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity
(1969) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.45.527.642 · Cited by 14,255
Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity.
Seeman, M. S., & Goffman, E. (1964) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091442 · Cited by 10,716
Social Theory and Social Structure
Ross, E. J., & Merton, R. Κ. (1958) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3709394 · Cited by 10,318
Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory
McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/226464 · Cited by 7,381
Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1pnc1k7 · Cited by 6,733
Social Theory and Social Structure.
Bock, K. E., & Merton, R. Κ. (1969) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091967 · Cited by 6,687
McAdam, D., Tarrow, S., & Tilly, C. (2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511805431 · Cited by 5,558
Voice and equality: civic voluntarism in American politics
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-3597 · Cited by 5,188
Bhaskar, R. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203090732 · Cited by 4,178
Research works printed but not linked: 22
- Balbus I., 1973, The Dialectics of Legal Repression
- Blumner R., 2003, St. Petersburg (Florida) Times, 30, 1P
- Carley M., 1997, Research in Social Movements, Conflict, and Change, 20, 151
- Congbalay D., 1990, San Francisco Chronicle, 28, 1990
- Fernandez, L. A. (2005), Policing protest spaces: social control in the anti-globalization movement, Unpublished PhD dissertation, Arizona State University.
- Gurr T., 1986, Persistent Patterns and Emergent Structures in a Waning Century, 238
- Kielbowicz R. B., 1986, Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change, 9, 71
- Koopmans R., 2005, Repression and Mobilization, 159
- 10.1525/sp.1997.44.1.03x0209a · DOI
- Lakin J. L., 2005, The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, and Bullying, 279
- Long J., 2000, The Oregonian, 4, C1
- McPhail C., 2005, Repression and Mobilization, 3
- Mintz J., 2003, Washington Post, 21, A3
- Oberschall A., 1978, Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change, 1, 257
- Olsen J., 2000, Last Man Standing: The Tragedy and Triumph of Geronimo Pratt
- Ouwerkerk J. W., 2005, The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, and Bullying, 321
- Richards D., 1981, Played Out: The Jean Seberg Story
- Rosebraugh C., 2004, Burning Rage of a Dying Planet: Speaking for the Earth Liberation Front
- Tilly C., 2005, Repression and Mobilization, 211
- US Congress, 1976, Final Report – Book III: Foreign and Military Intelligence
- US Congress, 2001, Public Law 107-56, Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing the Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act
- Zald M., 1992, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, 326
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An Empirical Evaluation of Explanations for State Repression
HILL, D. W., & JONES, Z. M. (2014) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055414000306 · Cited by 450
Political Repression: Iron Fists, Velvet Gloves, and Diffuse Control
Earl, J. (2011) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102609 · Cited by 445
Merlan, F. (2009) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/597667 · Cited by 339
Earl, J. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl8198 · Cited by 250
Resistance in repressive contexts: A comprehensive test of psychological predictors.
Ayanian, A. H., Tausch, N., Acar, Y. G., Chayinska, M., Cheung, W.-Y., & Lukyanova, Y. (2021) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000285 · Cited by 137
Metadata
- Authors
- BOYKOFF, J.
- Affiliations
- Pacific University Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- BOYKOFF, JULES
- ORCID
- BOYKOFF, JULES
- Venue
- Social Movement Studies
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-11-22
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-310
- ISSN
- 1474-2829 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-2837
- OpenAlex
- W2099493475
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social movement studies (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Movements and Cultural Identity
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Theory and Democracy
- Keywords
- state repression, dissent, social movement theory, resource depletion, stigmatization, intimidation, emulation, collective action, Black Panther Party, American Indian Movement, alter-globalization, civil liberties, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review