Mapping the Meme: A Geographical Approach to Materialist Rhetorical Criticism
Abstract
Memetics, the emerging and contested “science” of the meme, has much to offer critical communication studies. The meme, a replicator that functions as the basic unit of cultural change, is a valuable practical tool for rhetorical critics, and it is particularly useful for critical/cultural analysts interested in the seemingly superficial and trivial elements of popular culture. In addition to its functional utility, memetics issues a productive theoretical challenge to that trajectory of communication scholarship that seeks to further the materialist rhetorical project by developing and deploying the ideograph, the only significant methodological tool developed for the purposes of materialist criticism. Through a contrast between the “geographical” meme and the “historical” ideograph, I explore the utility of the meme as a productive concept for the analysis of contemporary culture.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Through linguistic, grammatical features, and journalistic practices, the word's significance was further strengthened by linking stances and meaning to represent and understand discourses of power.
“Through linguistic, grammatical features, and journalistic practices, the word's significance was further strengthened by linking stances and meaning to represent and understand discourses of power (D. Johnson, 2007).”
From The memeification of "woke culture": a multimodal critical discourse analysis of its articulation in Essence; O, The Oprah Magazine; and Teen Vogue (2023) · cites this paper as D. Johnson, 2007
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker
Shifman, L. (2013) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/jcc4.12013 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Zulli, D., & Zulli, D. J. (2020) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444820983603 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Toward A Model of Meme Diffusion (M 3 D)
Spitzberg, B. H. (2014) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/comt.12042 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“You Can't Run Your SUV on Cute. Let's Go!”: Internet Memes as Delegitimizing Discourse
Davis, C. B., Glantz, M. J., & Novak, D. R. (2015) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2014.991411 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Do It for the Culture: The Case for Memes in Qualitative Research
Iloh, C. (2021) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069211025896 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Condit, C. M., Gronnvoll, M., Landau, J., Shen, L., Wright, L., & Harris, T. M. (2009) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/0963662508094098 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“I Has Seen Image Macros!” Advice Animals Memes as Visual-Verbal Jokes
Dynel, M. (2016) · International journal of communication · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Organizational Rhetoric: A Subject of Interest(s)
Boyd, J., & Waymer, D. (2011) · Management Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0893318911409865 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Messy on the inside: internet memes as mapping tools of everyday life
Zidani, S. (2021) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2021.1974519 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Digital image politics: the networked rhetoric of Anonymous
Jarvis, J. L. (2014) · Global Discourse · doi:10.1080/23269995.2014.923633 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Riot Kiss: Framing Memes as Visual Argument
Hahner, L. A. (2013) · Argumentation and Advocacy · doi:10.1080/00028533.2013.11821790 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Memes políticos difundidos por usuarios de Twitter. Análisis de la jornada electoral del 26J de 2016
Ayerdi, K. M., Galdospín, T. M., & Dasilva, J. P. (2017) · El Profesional de la Informacion · doi:10.3145/epi.2017.jul.11 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Texts (and Tweets) from H illary: Meta‐Meming and Postfeminist Political Culture
Anderson, K. V., & Sheeler, K. H. (2014) · Presidential Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/psq.12111 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Barnidge, M., Ardèvol‐Abreu, A., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2016) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444816675183 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Yi, K., Wang, Q., Xu, J., & Liu, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.797482 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bathroom Bills, Memes, and a Biopolitics of Trans Disposability
Spencer, L. G. (2019) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2019.1615635 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Prepare to Believe”: The Creation Museum as Embodied Conversion Narrative
Lynch, J. (2013) · Rhetoric and Public Affairs · doi:10.14321/rhetpublaffa.16.1.0001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Brubaker, P. J., Boyle, K., & Stephan, D. A. (2017) · Journal of Media and Religion · doi:10.1080/15348423.2017.1311127 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Who Would Jesus Bomb? The Republican Jesus Meme and the Fracturing of Ideology
Duerringer, C. M. (2016) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305116637095 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Presidency as Pastiche: Atomization, Circulation, and Rhetorical Instability
Heidt, S. J. (2012) · Rhetoric and Public Affairs · doi:10.2307/41940625 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Being through there matters: Materiality, bodies, and movement in urban communication research
Dickinson, G., & Aiello, G. (2016) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Normative World of Memes: Political Communication Strategies in the United States and Ecuador
López-Paredes, M., & Carrillo-Andrade, A. (2022) · Journalism and Media · doi:10.3390/journalmedia3010004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Okesola, S. O., & Oyebode, O. O. (2023) · Language and Semiotic Studies · doi:10.1515/lass-2022-0016 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Adebomi, O. O. (2024) · Discourse & Society · doi:10.1177/09579265241252998 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Exigence at the Dawn of Recommendation Media: Dramatizing Salience in Audio Memes
Roderick, N. (2023) · Rhetoric Society Quarterly · doi:10.1080/02773945.2023.2251454 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Семотюк, О., & Shevchenko, V. (2023) · European Journal of Humour Research · doi:10.7592/ejhr.2022.10.4.703 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Memeability in an Attention Economy: On the Form of the Nike Kaepernick Meme
Jenkins, É., & Huzinec, M. (2021) · Southern Communication Journal · doi:10.1080/1041794x.2021.1945671 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
What do you Meme? An Investigation of Social Media and Mathematical Identity
Benoit, G., & Salopek, G. (2023) · Journal of Urban Mathematics Education · doi:10.21423/jume-v16i1a490 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tryhard With a Vengeance: Meaning Making and Boundary Keeping on Twitch
Evans, S., & Llano, S. M. (2023) · Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports · doi:10.1123/jege.2022-0042 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Andrade, L. M. (2019) · Text and Performance Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10462937.2019.1595123 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
‘Lol you go to gulag’: The role of Sassy Socialist Memes in Leftbook1
Bowen, B. ‘. (2020) · Explorations in Media Ecology · doi:10.1386/eme_00022_1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lynch, J. (2008) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570310802210130 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Boyd, J. (2018) · doi:10.1002/9781119265771.ch10 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Disaster-Funny in Postdigital Age: Memesis and the Composite Nature of Humor in Crisis
Maarouf, F. E. (2024) · Postdigital Science and Education · doi:10.1007/s42438-024-00502-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Nobody puts baby in a binder”: Using memes to teach visual reason
Stones, E. (2017) · Communication Teacher · doi:10.1080/17404622.2017.1314525 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
NBA Memes - The Role of Fan Image Macros within the Online NBA Fan Community
Lee, M. (2017) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.108823 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Vrooman, S. S., Sia, T. L., Czuchry, M., & Bollinger, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65744-8_3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Enchanting Memes: Memetic Politics in the Face of Technocratic Control
Carter, J. S. (2016) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
"By any memes necessary": Exploring the intersectional politics of feminist memes on Instagram
Breheny, C. (2017) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Unpacking the Portmanteau: Megxit’s Implicit Racist Ideology
Vanguri, S. M., & Werner, M. M. (2023) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2023.2234333 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Memetic mapping and genealogy of Google’s organizational culture
Fesharaki, F. (2021) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-07-2020-2284 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Refining McGee’s Ideograph: Celebrating 45 Years of Ideographic Criticism
Fox, R. (2025) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2024.2411515 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sentiment Analysis on Memes: A Review
Routhu, R. K., & Baruah, U. (2025) · Expert Systems · doi:10.1111/exsy.70133 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fromin loco parentisto Student-Citizens: The 1964 Berkeley Protests as Détournement
Landau, J. (2014) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463373.2014.949384 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Brunner, E., & DeLuca, K. M. (2019) · IAFOR Journal of Psychology & the Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.22492/ijpbs.5.si.05 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
López-Paredes, M., Carrillo-Andrade, A., & López-López, P. C. (2021) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5792-4_9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
TOWARD A GRAMMAR OF THE BLOGOSPHERE: RHETORIC AND ATTENTION IN THE NETWORKED IMAGINARY
Pfister, D. S. (2009) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mattheis, A. A., & Waltman, M. S. (2020) · The International Encyclopedia of Gender, Media, and Communication · doi:10.1002/9781119429128.iegmc019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lenoir, L. D. (2023) · University of Missouri Dissertation · doi:10.32469/10355/94284 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Laughing at political opponents
Семотюк, О. (2023) · European Journal of Humour Research · doi:10.7592/ejhr.2023.11.2.792 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Irving, B. A., Kang, J., West, I., Eckstein, B., Bennett, J., & Hingstman, D. (2015) · doi:10.17077/etd.czxo0wed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kofoed, E. (2009) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Places in the polity of rhetoric : topoi, evolution, and the fragmentation of discourse.
Wetherbee, B. (2015) · doi:10.18297/etd/2325 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Communication Arts and Sciences
Sheffield, J. (2010) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hartzell, S. L. (2017) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, K. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4684369 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Beating Rhetoric: Rhetorical Theory in the Beat Generation
Llano, S. M. (2009) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · doi:10.17613/d3mct-9vk50
Making Sense: Rhetoric, Perception, and Materiality
Donaldson, A. P. (2013) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver)
Newfags don't remember Lörs lärä : Internet memes on an anonymous imageboard
Pajunen, S. (2017) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University)
President Barack Obama’s Policy Choices in NATO Rhetoric
Rzepecka, M. (2020) · Political preferences · doi:10.31261/polpre.2019.25.21-36
Blackett, E. (2019) · Conjunctions Transdisciplinary Journal of Cultural Participation · doi:10.7146/tjcp.v6i1.117317
Dang, P. T., & Hoàng, H. T. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92212-2_10
The memefication of Squid Game and mimicry of Asian images
Yoon, S. (2023) · International Journal of Cultural Studies · doi:10.1177/13678779231177724
MEMES, MULTIMODALITIES, AND MACHINES: ASSEMBLING MULTIMODAL PATTERNS IN MEME CLASSIFICATION STUDY
Zhu, G., Chand, K., Angus, D. J., & Graham, T. (2023) · AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research · doi:10.5210/spir.v2023i0.13520
Themes of ‘Othering’ in the Teams Story: Self-identity of the Moroccan Atlas Lions Soccer Team
Elmoudden, S. (2024) · Palgrave studies in otherness and communication. · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60978-7_11
Among Pinocchios and Indifferents: Memetics’ Evolution in Latin America
López-Paredes, M., Carrillo-Andrade, A., Cruz-Silva, J., & Fátima, B. D. (2025) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-0426-5_40
Babatunde, S. A., & Obademi, P. O. (2025) · Howard Journal of Communications · doi:10.1080/10646175.2025.2538649
Bella Ciao: A Case Study in Formalistic Solidarity
Jordan, J., & Park‐Ozee, D. (2026) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2026.2669338
- Authors
- Johnson, D.
- Affiliations
- Southwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Davi
- Venue
- Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-03
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-50
- ISSN
- 1479-1420 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-4233
- OpenAlex
- W2071859266
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 18.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Rhetoric and Communication Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Humor Studies and Applications
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication Studies and Media
- Keywords
- memetics, memes, ideograms, popular culture, cultural change, replicators, contemporary culture
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review