The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sad kids, sad media? Applying Mood Management Theory to depressed adolescents’ use of media
Open accessAbstract
Mood management studies typically have found that adults will select media that enhance positive moods and reduce negative moods. In this study, adolescents diagnosed with major depressive disorder and control adolescents without psychiatric disorders were called on customized cell phones up to 4 times a day and asked about their current mood state and media use for five extended weekends across an 8-week period. Mood effects on subsequent media use, mood during media consumption, and media effects on subsequent mood were examined. Results indicated that adolescents who consumed fun media tended to do so in a way that sustained, rather than enhanced their prior positive mood levels during and after consumption-if they turned to media. Adolescents in more negative moods did not often use media to improve their moods. When they did, boys were more likely than girls to use media that ultimately reduced negative mood levels. Findings are discussed in light of the literature on mood management, adolescence, and depression.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although few young people seek professional help, during episodes of depression consumption of media such as music, internet, and television increases (10).”
From What Works and What Doesn’t Work? A Systematic Review of Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression and Anxiety in Young People (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
Citations
Cites
(1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 15,136
KAUFMAN, J., BIRMAHER, B., BRENT, D., RAO, U., FLYNN, C., MORECI, P., WILLIAMSON, D., & RYAN, N. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021 · Cited by 10,148
Linear Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data
Verbeke, G. (1997) · Lecture Notes in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2294-1_3 · Cited by 3,506
Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2004) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/0144665031752934 · Cited by 2,957 · cited 1×
“01) and were thus treated as independent factors in accordance with the literature (eg, Crawford & Henry, 2004 ).”
MethodLinear Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data
Molenberghs, G., & Verbeke, G. N. (2000) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0300-6 · Cited by 2,681
Anthony, E. J. (1969) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)62239-1 · Cited by 2,539
Adolescent Brain Development: A Period of Vulnerabilities and Opportunities. Keynote Address
DAHL, R. E. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1308.001 · Cited by 1,667
Self-citationAdolescents' Emotion Regulation in Daily Life: Links to Depressive Symptoms and Problem Behavior
Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2003) · Child Development · doi:10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00643.x · Cited by 1,216
Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S. J., Joiner, T. E., Rudolph, K. D., Potter, K. I., Lambert, S. F., Osborne, L. N., & Gathright, T. (1999) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.326 · Cited by 1,153
Puberty and depression: the roles of age, pubertal status and pubertal timing.
ANGOLD, A., COSTELLO, E. J., & WORTHMAN, C. M. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329179700593x · Cited by 989
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Dahl R. E., 2001, CNS Spectrums, 6, 1
- Dahl R. E., 2004, Special issue: Adolescent brain development: Vulnerabilities and opportunities
- 2005, U.S. multicultural kids study: A partnership between Nickelodeon and Cultural Access Group
- Steinberg L., 2006, Developmental psychopathology, developmental neuroscience, Vol. 2, 710
- Strizhakova Y., 2007, Media Psychology, 10, 91
- Zillmann D., 2000, Communication yearbook 23, 103
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Oh, H. J., Ozkaya, E., & LaRose, R. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.053 · Cited by 778
Cauberghe, V., Van Wesenbeeck, I., De Jans, S., Hudders, L., & Ponnet, K. (2021) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0478 · Cited by 564
Association of screen time and depression in adolescence
Boers, E., Afzali, M. H., Newton, N., & Conrod, P. (2019) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1759 · Cited by 481
Garrido, S., Millington, C., Cheers, D., Boydell, K., Schubert, E., Meade, T., & Nguyen, Q. V. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00759 · Cited by 400
“Although few young people seek professional help, during episodes of depression consumption of media such as music, internet, and television increases (10).”
BackgroundHeron, K. E., Everhart, R. S., McHale, S. M., & Smyth, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsx078 · Cited by 283
Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2017) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0156 · Cited by 269
Young people's uses of music for well-being
Papinczak, Z. E., Dingle, G. A., Stoyanov, S. R., Hides, L., & Zelenko, O. (2015) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2015.1020935 · Cited by 217
Garrido, S., & Schubert, E. (2011) · Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1525/mp.2011.28.3.279 · Cited by 229
Virtually Real: A Psychological Perspective on Massively Multiplayer Online Games
Barnett, J., & Coulson, M. (2010) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019442 · Cited by 213
Proneness to Boredom and Risk Behaviors During Adolescents’ Free Time
Biolcati, R., Mancini, G., & Trombini, E. (2017) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294117724447 · Cited by 195
Problematic internet use and mental health among British children and adolescents
El Asam, A., Samara, M., & Terry, P. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.007 · Cited by 164
Ferguson, C. J., & Rueda, S. M. (2010) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000010 · Cited by 167
Bae, M. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.026 · Cited by 157
Listening, Watching, and Reading: The Structure and Correlates of Entertainment Preferences
Rentfrow, P. J., Goldberg, L. R., & Zilca, R. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00662.x · Cited by 139
Stewart, J., Garrido, S., Hense, C., & McFerran, K. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01199 · Cited by 126
Extreme Metal Music and Anger Processing
Sharman, L. S., & Dingle, G. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00272 · Cited by 130
van den Tol, A. J. M., & Edwards, J. M. (2014) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735613517410 · Cited by 134
Moody melodies: Do they cheer us up? A study of the effect of sad music on mood
Garrido, S., & Schubert, E. (2013) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735613501938 · Cited by 115
A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of the Literature Linking Music and Adolescent Mental Health
McFerran, K. S., Garrido, S., & Saarikallio, S. H. (2013) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x13501343 · Cited by 109
The Relation Between Eating- and Weight-Related Disturbances and Depression in Adolescence: A Review
Rawana, J. S., Morgan, A. S., Nguyen, H. N., & Craig, S. G. (2010) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0072-1 · Cited by 89
McFerran, K. S., Garrido, S., O’Grady, L., Grocke, D. E., & Sawyer, S. M. (2014) · Nordic Journal of Music Therapy · doi:10.1080/08098131.2014.908942 · Cited by 85
Cognitive Discrepancy, Dissonance, and Selective Exposure
Tsang, S. J. (2019) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2017.1282873 · Cited by 7
When you’re down and troubled: Views on the regulatory power of music
Shifriss, R., Bodner, E., & Palgi, Y. (2014) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735614540360 · Cited by 78
Leung, L. W. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.068 · Cited by 72
Eating ghosts: The underlying mechanisms of mood repair via interactive and noninteractive media.
Rieger, D., Frischlich, L., Wulf, T., Bente, G., & Kneer, J. (2014) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000018 · Cited by 77
Schnauber-Stockmann, A., & Karnowski, V. (2020) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312458.2020.1784402 · Cited by 77
Media use and Internet addiction in adult depression: A case-control study
Dieris-Hirche, J., Bottel, L., Bielefeld, M., Steinbüchel, T., Kehyayan, A., Dieris, B., & Wildt, B. T. T. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.016 · Cited by 64
Frison, E., Bastin, M., Bijttebier, P., & Eggermont, S. (2018) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2018.1429933 · Cited by 61
Alfonso-Fuertes, I., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Hoyo, R. S.-D., Ortega, M. A., Álvarez‐Mon, M., & Molina-Ruiz, R. M. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/42207 · Cited by 42
Musical prescriptions for mood improvement: An experimental study
Garrido, S., Schubert, E., & Bangert, D. (2016) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2016.09.002 · Cited by 44
van den Tol, A. J. M. (2016) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2016.05.008 · Cited by 39
Primack, B. A., Silk, J. S., DeLozier, C. R., Shadel, W. G., Dillman Carpentier, F. R., Dahl, R. E., & Switzer, G. E. (2011) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.27 · Cited by 37
Self-citationStevens, E. M., & Carpentier, F. R. D. (2015) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650215587358 · Cited by 37
Why do we read sad books? Eudaimonic motives and meta-emotions
Koopman, E. M. (. (2015) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2015.06.004 · Cited by 42
Differential Influences of Depression and Personality Traits on the Use of Facebook
Scherr, S., & Brunet, A. (2017) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305117698495 · Cited by 35
Tandoc, E. C., & Goh, Z. H. (2021) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2021.1954975 · Cited by 35
Adolescents’ Online Coping: When Less Is More but None Is Worse
Modecki, K. L., Duvenage, M., Uink, B. N., Barber, B. L., & Donovan, C. L. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026211028983 · Cited by 36
Hense, C., Silverman, M. J., & McFerran, K. S. (2018) · Music Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.1093/mtp/miy013 · Cited by 30
Of Sad Men and Dark Comedies: Mood and Gender Effects on Entertainment Media Preferences
Greenwood, D. (2010) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205430903186526 · Cited by 31
Marco, C., & Montañés, M. C. (2013) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.30.1.150851 · Cited by 35
Vally, Z. (2019) · Neurology Psychiatry and Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.npbr.2019.07.002 · Cited by 24
Archambault, K., Vaugon, K., Deumié, V., Brault, M., Perez, R. M., Peyrin, J., Vaillancourt, G., & Garel, P. (2019) · Journal of Music Therapy · doi:10.1093/jmt/thz013 · Cited by 23
Franco, F., Swaine, J. S., Israni, S., Zaborowska, K. A., Kaloko, F., Kesavarajan, I., & Majek, J. A. (2014) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735614548500 · Cited by 24
Minich, M., & Moreno, M. A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0298422 · Cited by 21
Rumination and sad music : a review of the literature and a future direction
Garrido, S. (2009) · Cited by 16
Ma, C., Li, Z., Tong, Y., Zhao, M., Magnussen, C. G., & Xi, B. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.025 · Cited by 16
The attraction of tragic narrative
Koopman, E. (2013) · Scientific Study of Literature · doi:10.1075/ssol.3.2.03koo · Cited by 20
Young people and the media: Special Issue
Durkin, K., & Blades, M. (2009) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151008x400472 · Cited by 15
Social Media Use Motives: An Influential Factor in User Behavior and User Health Profiles
Ewing, C. R., Nienstedt, C., Wright, R. R., & Chambers, S. (2023) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn28.4.275 · Cited by 17
Listening to ironically-enjoyed music: A self-regulatory perspective
van den Tol, A. J. M., & Giner‐Sorolla, R. (2016) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735616658956 · Cited by 15
Maltreatment and Parasocial Relationships in US Children
Rosaen, S. F., Sherry, J. L., & Smith, S. L. (2011) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2011.599520 · Cited by 11
Defining neuroadaptive technology: the trouble with implicit human-computer interaction
Krol, L. R., & Zander, T. O. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821413-8.00007-5 · Cited by 10
Selection of Entertainment Media
Luong, K. T., & Knobloch‐Westerwick, S. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190072216.013.10 · Cited by 9
Rousseau, A. (2021) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2021.1938132 · Cited by 10
Hwang, J., & Borah, P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159160 · Cited by 9
Parents, Television, and Children’s Emotional Expressions: A Cross-Cultural Multilevel Model
Scherr, S., Mares, M., Bartsch, A., & Götz, M. (2018) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022118806585 · Cited by 11
Gherguț, A., Maftei, A., & Grigore, A.-N. (2021) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi210516001g · Cited by 7
Cho, M.-J., Reeves, B. B., Ram, N., & Robinson, T. N. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22816 · Cited by 6
The textual features of fiction that appeal to readers: Emotion and abstractness.
Maslej, M. M., Mar, R. A., & Kuperman, V. (2019) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/aca0000282 · Cited by 7
Major Theories and Constructs in Media Psychology
Rutledge, P. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-56537-3_2 · Cited by 5
In the Mood for Music: Listening to Music and Other Smartphone Uses Improve Adolescent Mood
Minich, M., Zhao, Q., Eickhoff, J. C., & Moreno, M. A. (2023) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2022.0344 · Cited by 4
Life-Span Developmental Changes in Media Entertainment Experiences
Mares, M., & Bonus, J. A. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190072216.013.4 · Cited by 4
Technology: Using It as a Means to Creatively Connect With Adolescents
Koltz, R. L., & Tarabochia, D. S. (2014) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2014.899481 · Cited by 4
Serrone, C. A. (2012) · ProQuest Demo Repository · doi:10.31979/etd.rxck-73ut · Cited by 4
Anter, A. (2022) · Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies · doi:10.30935/ojcmt/12615 · Cited by 5
The Science and Psychology Behind Music and Emotion
Shafron, G. R. (2010) · Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education · Cited by 3
Role of Internal Health Belief, Catharsis Seeking, and Self-Efficacy in Game Players' Aggression
Lee, H. R., Jeong, E. J., & Kim, J. W. (2016) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2016.472 · Cited by 3
Ernst, A., Dietrich, F., Rohr, B., Reinecke, L., & Scharkow, M. (2025) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqaf030 · Cited by 2
Woolverton, G. A., Stevens, C., Hahm, H. C., & Liu, C. H. (2024) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2024.2383766 · Cited by 2
Meier, M. L., & Mares, M. (2024) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqae022 · Cited by 2
Questions of Communicative Change and Continuity
Kraemer, B., Müller, P., Peiser, W., & Verlagsgesellschaft, N. (2022) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783748928232 · Cited by 2
Understanding personality through preferences in popular mass media: An archetypal approach
Faber, M. A. (2009) · University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester) · Cited by 2
Sample, K. E. (2019) · Cited by 2
Parrott, S. (2020) · The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0313 · Cited by 2
Lee, H. R., & Jeong, E. J. (2015) · International Journal of Contents · doi:10.5392/ijoc.2015.11.4.007 · Cited by 1
Nowack, K. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06832-6 · Cited by 1
الحمید, ح. ع. ا. ع. (2020) · مجلة البحوث الإعلامیة · doi:10.21608/jsb.2020.124099 · Cited by 1
Kinghorn, E. E. (2021) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 1
Mukhopadhyay, T. P., Saha, B. N., Ruiz-Pinales, J., & Guzmán-Cabrera, R. (2020) · Research in Computing Science · Cited by 1
Anderson, D. R. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0187 · Cited by 1
Jan, M. (2012) · Journal of Commerce & Behavioural Science
MEDIA USE BY CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH AND WITHOUT DEPRESSION: GOING IT ALONE?
Bertocci, M. A. (2011) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
A measurement model of mood regulation by movie consumption in cinemaPreprint
Chitsaz, S., & Hanzaee, K. H. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal
Aliyev, B., & Türkmen, A. (2014) · Universal Journal of Psychology · doi:10.13189/ujp.2014.020603
Is the CES Theory Supported in Movie Consumption (in Cinema) Setting for Mood Regulation
Chitsaz, S., & Hanzaee, K. H. (2014)
Music for mood regulation: listening strategies, listening preferences, and individual differences
Giamou, L. A. (2012) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · doi:10.25916/sut.26284753
Facebook-Nutzung in Abhängigkeit depressiver Tendenzen
Brunet, A., & Scherr, S. (2016) · Studies in Communication and Media · doi:10.5771/2192-4007-2016-1-76
Saleem, F. Z. (2014) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
What Are the Effects That Cause Concern?
Gunter, B. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-57985-0_3
The Role of Sad Music in Mood Regulation
Garrido, S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39666-8_6
Colegrove, V. M. (2018) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne)
Setting the Mood: Throughout History and in the Modern Day
Garrido, S., & Davidson, J. W. (2019) · Palgrave Macmillan memory studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02556-4_5 · Cited by 2
Gilliland, E. D. (2019) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)
مؤيد, ه. ج., & عبدالله, م. (2015) · Al-Maǧallah Al-Miṣriyyaẗ Li-Buḥūṯ Al-Rāʼī Al-ʿām · doi:10.21608/joa.2015.82158
الصالحی, أ. ب. ح. (2018) · المجلة العلمية لبحوث الصحافة · doi:10.21608/sjsj.2018.90532
Experiment, Other: Natural, Field
Batinic, B., Freyth, L., & Grossi, N. R. (2020) · The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0016
العلاقة بین استخدام الشباب المصرى لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعى وإدراکه الوضع الاقتصادى
فتـحــــــي, م. م. (2018) · Al-Mağallah Al-ʿilm iyyaẗ Li-Buḥūṯ Al-Id̲̲āʿẗ wa Al-Tilifizyūn · doi:10.21608/ejsrt.2018.117305
جلال, س. ع. (2021) · مجلة البحوث الإعلامیة · doi:10.21608/jsb.2021.168381
Understanding the Effect of Social Media Use on Psychological Stress During the COVID-19 Pandemic
MURPHY, N. M., & Saxena, D. K. (2021) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7991-6.ch010
Metadata
- Authors
- Dillman Carpentier, F. R., Brown, J. D., Bertocci, M., Silk, J. S., Forbes, E. E., & Dahl, R. E.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Venue
- Media Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-03-21
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 143-166
- ISSN
- 1521-3269 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-785X
- PMC
- PMC2746648
- OpenAlex
- W2082030400
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 124.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Media Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (P01MH041712, R24MH067346)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA024144)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Keywords
- mood management theory, adolescent depression, major depressive disorder, media use, mood regulation, sex differences
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review