Using ecological momentary assessment to determine media use by individuals with and without major depressive disorder
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To use ecological momentary assessment techniques to measure the association of major depressive disorder (MDD) with media use. DESIGN: Data were collected using an ecological momentary assessment protocol with cellular telephone-based brief interviews. SETTING: Participants received as many as 60 telephone calls from a trained staff member during 5 extended weekends in an 8-week period. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred six adolescent participants who were part of a larger neurobehavioral study of depression in Pittsburgh from January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2008. MAIN EXPOSURE: At each call, participants were asked whether they were using the following 5 types of media: television or movies, music, video games, Internet, and print media, such as magazines, newspapers, and books. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We developed multivariable models to determine the independent association of each type of media use with MDD, controlling for sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Of the 106 participants, 46 were diagnosed as having MDD. In multivariable models controlling for age, sex, and race, each increasing quartile of audio use was associated with an 80% increase in the odds of having MDD (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.8; P = .01 for trend). Conversely, each increasing quartile of print media use was associated with a 50% decrease in the odds of having MDD (odds ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.3-0.9; P = .009 for trend). CONCLUSIONS: Major depressive disorder is positively associated with popular music exposure and negatively associated with reading print media such as books. Further research elucidating the directionality and strength of these relationships may help advance understanding of the relationships between media use and MDD.
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Primack et al. (2011) found that MDD youth favored listening to music over reading more than non-depressed youth.
“Primack et al. (2011) found that MDD youth favored listening to music over reading more than non-depressed youth.”
From Mood Disorders in Everyday Life: A Systematic Review of Experience Sampling and Ecological Momentary Assessment Studies (2012) · cites this paper as Primack et al. (2011)
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- Authors
- Primack, B. A., Silk, J. S., DeLozier, C. R., Shadel, W. G., Dillman Carpentier, F. R., Dahl, R. E., & Switzer, G. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Venue
- Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-04-01
- Volume
- 165
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 360-5
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3074228
- OpenAlex
- W2151633571
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 10.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P01MH041712, P01 MH 41712)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA140150, K07CA114315)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, media use, adolescents, print media use, video games, internet use
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Child, Child Behavior, Communications Media, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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