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Digital Stress over the Life Span: The Effects of Communication Load and Internet Multitasking on Perceived Stress and Psychological Health Impairments in a German Probability Sample
Abstract
The present study investigated the psychological health effects and motivational origins of digital stress based on a representative survey of 1,557 German Internet users between 14 and 85 years of age. Communication load resulting from private e-mails and social media messages as well as Internet multitasking were positively related to perceived stress and had significant indirect effects on burnout, depression, and anxiety. Perceived social pressure and the fear of missing out on information and social interaction were key drivers of communication load and Internet multitasking. Age significantly moderated the health effects of digital stress as well as the motivational drivers of communication load and Internet multitasking. The results, thus, underline the need to address digital stress from a life span perspective.
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“Past research has also demonstrated the smartphone ' s potential to elicit stress (e.g., Reinecke et al., 2017; Vahedi & Saiphoo, 2018).”
From Is life brighter when your phone is not? The efficacy of a grayscale smartphone intervention addressing digital well-being (2024) · cites this paper as Reinecke et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“it has been previously shown that smartphone use (Reinecke et al., 2017; Vahedi & Saiphoo, 2018) and the salience dimension of online vigilance (Freytag et al., 2021; Gilbert et al., 2023) predict stress.”
From Is life brighter when your phone is not? The efficacy of a grayscale smartphone intervention addressing digital well-being (2024) · cites this paper as Reinecke et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“For example, new communication norms and demands arising from hyperconnectivity (e.g., the need to check or respond to social media posts constantly) can lead to communication overload and higher levels of stress.28–30”
From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Second, several scholars contend that hyperconnectivity—the permanent availability of and connectivity to peers, media content, and online services through social media—can increase stress.17,27,28”
From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Instead, people develop adaptive coping strategies that allow them to effectively manage the digital environment (Reinecke et al., 2017; Sweeny et al., 2010).”
Exploring personal digital media environments: a configural approach to digital stress
Zhang, C. X., Rice, R. E., & Fang, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1867928 · Cited by 1
“Digital stress, as an outcome of media use, is often conceptualized as a mechanism explaining individual differences in broader media effects (Hefner and Vorderer, 2016; Nesi and Prinstein, 2015; Reinecke et al., 2017; Steele et al., 2020).”
InfluentialYang, Q., Wu, H., Du, X., Sun, Q., & Ren, Z. (2026) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.70208 · Cited by 1
What is constant connectivity? The affordances that underlie potential communication
Ross, M. Q., & Bayer, J. (2026) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1093/anncom/wlag040 · Cited by 1
Hall, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108629935.010 · Cited by 2
Mode Comparison and Coexistence
Hall, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108629935.006 · Cited by 1
Hall, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108629935.009 · Cited by 1
Wójcik, M. (2022) · Przegląd Biblioteczny · doi:10.36702/pb.915 · Cited by 1
How do multitaskers and screen addicts perceive travel elements?
Sun, S., & Wong, Y. D. (2024) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2024.101898 · Cited by 2
Mancino, M. P. (2020) · Atlantic Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/15456870.2020.1781856 · Cited by 1
“Consistent with the definition offered by Roberto and Eden (2010), Primack and Johnson (2017) describe cyberbullying as a “repeated and willful enactment of aggressive communication behavior via digital technologies to inflict intentional harm on others” (p.”
BackgroundMethodWhy Do I Addict With Mobile Phone: The True Story Of Youth
Ramli, S. A. (2021) · The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.15405/epsbs.2021.06.02.45
“Reinecke et al. (2017) investigated psychological health effects and stimulators of digital stress.”
elhassan, H. A., Elgalil, H. M. A., Elsherif, O. E., Hammouda, S. M., Abou-Shady, O. M., Kotb, N. A., & Saad‐Hussein, A. (2021) · International Journal of Medical Arts · doi:10.21608/ijma.2021.79373.1322 · Cited by 1
The Psychological Effects of Excessive Mobile App Usage: Reshaping ChildhoodPreprint
PATIL, A. R. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0512.v1
Xiao, G., & Nie, T. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.80700 · Cited by 1
Media Multitasking and Executive Functioning in Young Adults
Seddon, A. L. (2021) · Liverpool John Moores University · doi:10.24377/ljmu.t.00010635
The Influence of Divided Attention on Learners' Metacognition
Peng, Y. (2019) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Theoretical Perspectives on Personal Media and Relationships
Hall, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108629935.004
Three Ways of Seeing Social Media
Hall, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108629935.007
Metadata
- Authors
- Reinecke, L., Aufenanger, S., Beutel, M. E., Dreier, M., Quiring, O., Stark, B., Wölfling, K., & Müller, K. W.
- Affiliations
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Reinecke, Leonard
- ORCID
- Venue
- Media Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 90-115
- ISSN
- 1521-3269 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-785X
- OpenAlex
- W2302492465
- Cited by
- 387
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 51.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Media Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Forschungsschwerpunkt Medienkonvergenz [Research Center for Media Convergence] at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (not available)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Technostress in Professional Settings
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
- Keywords
- digital stress, communication load, perceived stress, burnout, depression, anxiety, social pressure, fear of missing out, social media, email, age differences, lifespan development, mental health
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