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Economic Viability of Phytoremediation of a Cadmium Contaminated Agricultural Area Using Energy Maize. Part I: Effect on the Farmer's Income
Open accessAbstract
This paper deals with the economic viability of using energy maize as a phytoremediation crop in a vast agricultural area moderately contaminated with metals. The acceptance of phytoremediation as a remediation technology is, besides the extraction rate, determined by its profitability, being the effects it has on the income of the farmer whose land is contaminated. This income can be supported by producing renewable energy through anaerobic digestion of energy maize, a crop that takes up only relatively low amounts of metals, but that can be valorised as a feedstock for energy production. The effect on the income per hectare of growing energy maize instead of fodder maize seems positive, given the most likely values of variables and while keeping the basic income stable, originating from dairy cattle farming activities. We propose growing energy maize aiming at risk-reduction, and generating an alternative income for farmers, yet in the long run also generating a gradual reduction of the pollution levels. In this way, remediation is demoted to a secondary objective with sustainable risk-based land use as primary objective.
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Energy maize production for anaerobic digestion was assessed under two scenarios: the farmer sells energy fodder grown onsite and continues raising cattle fed clean fodder procured offsite; the second scenario adds the potential income of managing a local digester cooperative.
“Another example is energy maize production for anaerobic digestion under two scenarios; In the first scenario: the farmer will sell energy fodder grown onsite and continue raising cattle fed clean fodder procured offsite [46], and in the second scenario adds the potential income of managing a local digester cooperative, i.e. among a group of farmers [47].”
From Life cycle assessment and cost-benefit analysis of nature-based solutions for contaminated land remediation: A mini-review (2023) · cites this paper as [46]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFew studies focused on post-remediation economics such as the economic viability of contaminated willow biomass pyrolysis, potential farmer's additional income due to selling energy maize fodder to a central anaerobic digestion facility while bearing the cost of fodder maize to feed onsite cattle, compared to the valorisation of a locally-owned plant.
“Few studies focused on the post-remediation economics such as the economic viability of contaminated willow biomass pyrolysis [45], potential farmer's additional income due to selling energy maize fodder to central anaerobic digestion facility while bearing the cost of fodder maize to feed onsite cattle [46], compared to the valorisation of a locally-owned plant [47].”
From Life cycle assessment and cost-benefit analysis of nature-based solutions for contaminated land remediation: A mini-review (2023) · cites this paper as [46]
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Self-citationPhytoextraction of metals from soils: How far from practice?
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Self-citationPhytoextraction: an assessment of biogeochemical and economic viability
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- Vassilev A, 2002, Bulg J Plant Physiol., 28, 68
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Witters, N., Mendelsohn, R. O., Van Slycken, S., Weyens, N., Schreurs, E., Meers, E., Tack, F., Carleer, R., & Vangronsveld, J. (2012) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.08.016 · Cited by 151
Self-citationRuttens, A., Boulet, J., Weyens, N., Smeets, K., Adriaensen, K., Meers, E., Van Slycken, S., Tack, F., Meiresonne, L., Thewys, T., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Phytoremediation · doi:10.1080/15226514.2011.568543 · Cited by 139
Self-citationWitters, N., Van Slycken, S., Ruttens, A., Adriaensen, K., Meers, E., Meiresonne, L., Tack, F. M. G., Thewys, T., Laes, E., & Vangronsveld, J. (2009) · BioEnergy Research · doi:10.1007/s12155-009-9042-1 · Cited by 88
Self-citationVan Slycken, S., Witters, N., Meiresonne, L., Meers, E., Ruttens, A., Van Peteghem, P., Weyens, N., Tack, F. M. G., & Vangronsveld, J. (2013) · International Journal of Phytoremediation · doi:10.1080/15226514.2012.723070 · Cited by 75
Self-citationThewys, T., Witters, N., Meers, E., & Vangronsveld, J. (2010) · International Journal of Phytoremediation · doi:10.1080/15226514.2010.493188 · Cited by 43
Self-citationAlshehri, K., Gao, Z., Harbottle, M., Sapsford, D., & Cleall, P. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20632 · Cited by 32
“…under two scenarios; In the first scenario: the farmer will sell energy fodder grown onsite and continue raising cattle fed clean fodder procured offsite [46], and in the second scenario adds the potential income of managing a local digester cooperative, i.e. among a group of farmers [47].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Thewys, T., Witters, N., Van Slycken, S., Ruttens, A., Meers, E., Tack, F. M. G., & Vangronsveld, J.
- Affiliations
- Hasselt University (BE)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Venue
- International Journal of Phytoremediation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-09-13
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 650-662
- ISSN
- 1522-6514 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-7879
- OpenAlex
- W2109217350
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- biblio.ugent.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- International Journal of Phytoremediation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Document Server@UHasselt (UHasselt) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
- Keywords
- phytoremediation, cadmium contamination, energy maize, economic feasibility, farm income, anaerobic digestion, renewable energy, fodder maize, dairy cattle farming, contaminated agricultural land, metal-contaminated soil
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Animals, Animal Feed, Biodegradation, Environmental, Cadmium, Zea mays, Metals, Soil, Trees, Plant Leaves, Plant Shoots, Biomass, Metals, Heavy, Environmental Restoration and Remediation
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