Terrorism in two cultures: stress and growth following september 11 and the madrid train bombings
Abstract
In this study, we compared the prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth following the September 11, 2001, attacks in the United States and the March 11, 2004, Madrid, Spain train bombings. We also examined meaning in life as a correlate of posttrauma outcomes. A sample of midwestern college students (N = 188) reported less PTSD symptom severity following September 11 than did a sample of college students from southern Spain (N = 48) following the Madrid bombings. Americans reported more positive change than Spaniards following terrorism. Meaning in life was related to more positive outcomes in both countries.
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In the American sample, presence and search for meaning were moderately and negatively associated, whereas these two factors were uncorrelated in the Spanish population.
“For example, a previous study found that, in the American sample, the presence and search for meaning were moderately and negatively associated, whereas these two factors were uncorrelated in the Spanish population (20).”
From Spanish Adaptation of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Participants With Cancer: Study Protocol of a Randomized Control Trial (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
The construction of meaning and growth in the face of adverse situations is different for Anglo-Saxon and Spanish populations.
“There are studies that indicate that the construction of meaning and growth in the face of adverse situations is different for Anglo-Saxon and Spanish populations.”
From Spanish Adaptation of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Participants With Cancer: Study Protocol of a Randomized Control Trial (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
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Self-citationSayed, B. A., & Johnson, R. J. (2014) · The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society · doi:10.1002/9781118410868.wbehibs529
Steger, M. F. (2009)
Self-citationWeinstein, A. G. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/7921800
Saccinto, E. (2014) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Perceptions about fleeing religious persecution and entrance to the US
Kane, M. N., & Jacobs, R. J. (2017) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2017.1423047
Personal Growth Among Pregnant Women During War: The Role of Optimism and Meaning in Life
Mijalevich‐Soker, E., Ring, L., Joffe, E., Awad-Yasin, M., Steger, M. F., & Ben‐Ari, O. T. –. (2025) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.70087
Self-citationFreh, F. M. (2013) · PEARL (University of Plymouth) · doi:10.24382/4740
- Authors
- Steger∗, M. F., Frazier, P. A., & Zacchanini, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Universidad de Málaga (ES)
- ORCID
- Frazier, Patricia A.
- Venue
- Journal of Loss and Trauma
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-11-06
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 511-527
- ISSN
- 1532-5024 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5032
- OpenAlex
- W2056933617
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Loss and Trauma (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth, terrorism, September 11 attacks, Madrid train bombings, meaning in life, cross-cultural comparison, university students, trauma outcomes
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