The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Prevalence of ADHD, ODD, Depression, and Anxiety in a Community Sample of 4-Year-Olds
Abstract
Few studies have examined the epidemiology of preschoolers' psychopathology. This study included 796 4-year-old children recruited from schools and pediatric practices in a diverse, urban area. Psychiatric disorder was assessed by a structured interview adapted for preschool children and by questionnaire. The most common disorders were oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and depressive disorders were reported in less than 1% of the sample. Race/ethnicity differences were not significant. Gender differences showed ADHD-inattentive type more common among boys, with no gender differences for GAD, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, separation anxiety disorder, or ODD at any level of impairment. The overall comorbidity rate was 6.4%. Approximately 3% of individuals receiving a diagnosis had received mental health services.
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“The first challenge is related to the clinical complexity of the cases themselves; the vast majority of people with ADHD, both child and adult, have a comorbid psychiatric disorder [122-125].”
From Advances in understanding and treating ADHD (2011) · cites this paper as [125]
Citations
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Items 401–405 of 405
ADHD Prevalence in Turkish Preschoolers: Comorbidity and Associated Factors
Başay, Ö., Büber, A., Şenol, H., & Başay, B. K. (2026) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2026.2675347
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Measuring up : perspectives on psychometrics and contextual factors of early childhood problems
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Epidemiology, Health Services Utilization, and Costs
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Santana, E. M. (2011) · University Libraries (University of Maryland)
Metadata
- Authors
- Lavigne, J. V., LeBailly, S. A., Hopkins, J., Gouze, K. R., & Binns, H. J.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Lurie Children's Hospital (US)
- Illinois Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lavigne, John V.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-05-19
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 315-328
- ISSN
- 1537-4416 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-4424
- OpenAlex
- W2107876359
- Cited by
- 404
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 26.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH063665)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, depression, anxiety, preschool children, prevalence, comorbidities, gender differences, racial and ethnic differences, mental health service utilization, separation anxiety disorder, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Preschool, Community Mental Health Services, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Prevalence, Dysthymic Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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