Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: presentation, nosology, and epidemiology

Egger, Helen Link; Angold, Adrian

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01618.x

Cited by 1,575Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPersonality Disorders and PsychopathologyAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: presentation, nosology, and epidemiology

Egger, Helen Link, Angold, Adrian·2006·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01618.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

We review recent research on the presentation, nosology and epidemiology of behavioral and emotional psychiatric disorders in preschool children (children ages 2 through 5 years old), focusing on the five most common groups of childhood psychiatric disorders: attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, oppositional defiant and conduct disorders, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders. We review the various approaches to classifying behavioral and emotional dysregulation in preschoolers and determining the boundaries between normative variation and clinically significant presentations. While highlighting the limitations of the current DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria for identifying preschool psychopathology and reviewing alternative diagnostic approaches, we also present evidence supporting the reliability and validity of developmentally appropriate criteria for diagnosing psychiatric disorders in children as young as two years old. Despite the relative lack of research on preschool psychopathology compared with studies of the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in older children, the current evidence now shows quite convincingly that the rates of the common child psychiatric disorders and the patterns of comorbidity among them in preschoolers are similar to those seen in later childhood. We review the implications of these conclusions for research on the etiology, nosology, and development of early onset of psychiatric disorders, and for targeted treatment, early intervention and prevention with young children.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01618.x

Cites

275 of 275 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

In pre-school aged children, SPs are associated with significant impairments across most domains of life, including difficulties with education, family, social, and peer relationships.
“In pre-school aged children, SPs are associated with signi fi cant impairments across most domains of life, including, dif fi culties with education, family, social, and peer relationships (Egger & Angold, 2006; Rifkin et al., 2016; Towe-Goodman et al., 2014).”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Egger & Angold, 2006

Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · see citing works
Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
American Psychiatric Association (2000) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349 · Cited by 11,069 · see citing works
A Handbook of Child Psychology
(1932) · Nature · doi:10.1038/130331a0 · Cited by 8,289 · see citing works
Research Diagnostic Criteria
Spitzer, R. L. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770300115013 · Cited by 6,946 · see citing works
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment
Barkley, R. A., & Poillion, M. J. (1994) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/019874299401900205 · Cited by 4,632 · see citing works
Précis of <i>The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system</i>
Gray, J. A. (1982) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00013066 · Cited by 4,477 · see citing works
Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. (2000) · Cited by 2,502 · see citing works
Investigations of Temperament at Three to Seven Years: The Children's Behavior Questionnaire
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. L., & Fisher, P. A. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00355 · Cited by 2,424 · see citing works
The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): factor structure, reliability, and validity
MARCH, J. S., PARKER, J. D. A., SULLIVAN, K., STALLINGS, P., & CONNERS, C. K. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199704000-00019 · Cited by 2,236 · see citing works
Temperament and Development
Gartstein, M. A., & Desmarais, E. (2016) · The SAGE Encyclopedia of Contemporary Early Childhood Education · doi:10.4135/9781483340333.n409 · Cited by 2,188 · see citing works
Temperament: Early Developing Personality Traits
Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. J. (1984) · Research Portal (King's College London) · Cited by 2,139 · see citing works
Prior Juvenile Diagnoses in Adults With Mental Disorder: Developmental Follow-Back of a Prospective-Longitudinal Cohort
Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.709 · Cited by 2,025 · see citing works
Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development.
Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Harlan, E. T. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220 · Cited by 1,993 · see citing works
Advances in Clinical Child Psychology
Lahey, B. B., & Kazdin, A. E. (1979) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9802-8 · Cited by 1,920 · see citing works
Social, emotional, and personality development
Eisenberg, N., & Damon, W. (1998) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 1,903 · see citing works
Comorbidity
Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00424 · Cited by 1,872 · see citing works
Self-citation
The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): Description, Acceptability, Prevalence Rates, and Performance in the MECA Study
SHAFFER, D., FISHER, P., DULCAN, M. K., DAVIES, M., PIACENTINI, J., SCHWAB-STONE, M. E., LAHEY, B. B., BOURDON, K., JENSEN, P. S., BIRD, H. R., et al. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199607000-00012 · Cited by 1,587 · see citing works
The classification of child psychopathology: A review and analysis of empirical efforts.
Achenbach, T. M., & EDELBROCK, C. S. (1978) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.85.6.1275 · Cited by 1,529 · see citing works
Epidemiological Surveys of Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders: An Update
Fombonne, E. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025054610557 · Cited by 1,505 · see citing works
A Temperament Theory of Personality Development
Revelle, W., Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. J. (1976) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421420 · Cited by 1,361 · see citing works
Trajectories of Boys' Physical Aggression, Opposition, and Hyperactivity on the Path to Physically Violent and Nonviolent Juvenile Delinquency
Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. E. (1999) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00086 · Cited by 1,361 · see citing works
Behavior Problems in Preschool Children: A Review of Recent Research
Campbell, S. B. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01657.x · Cited by 1,356 · see citing works
Handbook of infant mental health
Zeanah, C. H. (2009) · Cited by 1,269 · see citing works
The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: The Prevalence of DSM-IV Disorders
FORD, T., GOODMAN, R., & MELTZER, H. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200310000-00011 · Cited by 1,227 · see citing works
Behavioral Observations at Age 3 Years Predict Adult Psychiatric Disorders: Longitudinal Evidence From a Birth Cohort
Caspi, A. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830110071009 · Cited by 1,159 · see citing works
10-year research update review: The epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: I. Methods and public health burden
Costello, E. J., Egger, H., & Angold, A. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000172552.41596.6f · Cited by 1,134 · see citing works
Self-citation
Roundtable: What Is Temperament? Four Approaches
Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, A. H., Plomin, R. J., Rothbart, M. K., Thomas, A., Chess, S., Hinde, R. A., & McCall, R. B. (1987) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130527 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
Clinical implications of attachment
Rutter, M. L. (1989) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90096-2 · Cited by 1,065 · see citing works
Child Psychology: A Handbook of Contemporary Issues
Daley, D. (2005) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2005.00125_4.x · Cited by 1,052 · see citing works
Comorbidity in Child Psychopathology: Concepts, Issues and Research Strategies
Caron, C., & Rutter, M. (1991) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00350.x · Cited by 1,051 · see citing works
Childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset antisocial conduct problems in males: Natural history from ages 3 to 18 years
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Dickson, N., Silva, P., & Stanton, W. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007161 · Cited by 965 · see citing works
Temperament and Development
Zrull, J. P. (1978) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)61026-8 · Cited by 947 · see citing works
The Development of Self-Regulation in the First Four Years of Life
Kochanska, G., Coy, K. C., & Murray, K. T. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00336 · Cited by 937 · see citing works
Autism and the pervasive developmental disorders
Volkmar, F. R., & Klin, A. (2012) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0214 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Continuity and discontinuity of behavioral inhibition and exuberance: psychophysiological and behavioral influences across the first four years of life
Fox, N. A., Henderson, H. A., Rubin, K. H., Calkins, S. D., & Schmidt, L. A. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00262 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Development of juvenile aggression and violence: Some common misconceptions and controversies.
Loeber, R., & Stouthamer‐Loeber, M. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.53.2.242 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
Trends in the Prescribing of Psychotropic Medications to Preschoolers
Zito, J. M. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.8.1025 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
The development of aggressive behaviour during childhood: What have we learned in the past century?
Tremblay, R. E. (2000) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/016502500383232 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Temperamental Origins of Child and Adolescent Behavior Problems: From Age Three to Age Fifteen
Caspi, A., Henry, B., McGee, R. O., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00855.x · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament
Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1997) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579497001375 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Empirically based assessment of the behavioral/emotional problems of 2- and 3- year-old children
Achenbach, T. M., EDELBROCK, C. S., & Howell, C. T. (1987) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00917246 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Handbook of Infant Mental Health
Sprunger, L. W. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199504000-00020 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: A confirmatory factor-analytic study.
Spence, S. H. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.2.280 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: A confirmatory factor-analytic study.
Spence, S. H. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.2.280 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Behavioral Inhibition and Stress Reactivity: The Moderating Role of Attachment Security
Nachmias, M., Gunnar, M., Mangelsdorf, S., Parritz, R. H., & Buss, K. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131829 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Behavioral Inhibition and Stress Reactivity: The Moderating Role of Attachment Security
Nachmias, M., Gunnar, M. R., Mangelsdorf, S. C., Parritz, R. H., & Buss, K. A. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01748.x · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Preschool Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Impairments in Behavioral, Social, and School Functioning
DuPaul, G. J., McGoey, K. E., Eckert, T. L., & VanBrakle, J. D. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200105000-00009 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Temperamental Qualities at Age Three Predict Personality Traits in Young Adulthood: Longitudinal Evidence from a Birth Cohort
Caspi, A., & Silva, P. A. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00885.x · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Clinical Implications of Attachment
Belsky, J., & Nezworski, T. M. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315825526 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Development of juvenile aggression and violence: Some common misconceptions and controversies.
Loeber, R., & Stouthamer‐Loeber, M. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.2.242 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Trajectories leading to school-age conduct problems.
Shaw, D. S., Gilliom, M., Ingoldsby, E. M., & Nagin, D. S. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.39.2.189 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
A behavior rating scale for the preschool child.
Behar, L. B., & Stringfield, S. C. (1974) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037058 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Depressive comorbidity in children and adolescents: empirical, theoretical, and methodological issues
(1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.12.1779 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Self-citation
Autism and pervasive developmental disorders
Volkmar, F. R., Lord, C., Bailey, A., Schultz, R. T., & Klin, A. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00317.x · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
March, J. S. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-01199-0.50251-6 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Test-retest reliability of the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA)
EGGER, H. L., ERKANLI, A., KEELER, G., POTTS, E., WALTER, B. K., & ANGOLD, A. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000205705.71194.b8 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Self-citation
Predicting Early Onset of Male Antisocial Behavior From Preschool Behavior
Tremblay, R. E. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950090064009 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Interaction between conduct disorder and its comorbid conditions: Effects of age and gender
Loeber, R. (1994) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(94)90015-9 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Prevalence Rates and Correlates of Psychiatric Disorders among Preschool Children
Lavigne, J. V., Gibbons, R. D., Christoffel, K. K., Arend, R. A., Rosenbaum, D. L., Binns, H. J., DAWSON, N., SOBEL, H., & Isaacs, C. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199602000-00014 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Impaired but Undiagnosed
Angold, A. C., Costello, E. J., Farmer, E. M. Z., Burns, B. J., & ERKANLI, A. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199902000-00011 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Self-citation
The structure of anxiety symptoms among preschoolers
Spence, S. H., Rapee, R., McDonald, C., & Ingram, M. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00098-x · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Temperamental Origins of Child and Adolescent Behavior Problems: From Age Three to Age Fifteen
Caspi, A., Henry, B., McGee, R. O., et al. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131190 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
A 3-Year Follow-up of Children with and without Behavioral Inhibition
Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Bolduc, E. A., Faraone, S. V., Chaloff, J., HIRSHFELD, D. R., & Kagan, J. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199307000-00016 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Stable behavioral inhibition and its association with anxiety disorder
HIRSHFELD, D. R., ROSENBAUM, J. F., BIEDERMAN, J., BOLDUC, E. A., FARAONE, S. V., SNIDMAN, N., REZNICK, J. S., & KAGAN, J. (1992) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199201000-00016 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2002) · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Trajectories leading to school-age conduct problems.
Shaw, D. S., Gilliom, M., Ingoldsby, E. M., et al. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.189 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Assessment of young children's social‐emotional development and psychopathology: recent advances and recommendations for practice
Carter, A. S., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., & Davis, N. O. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00316.x · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Pre-school to School: a Behavioural Study
Sturge, J. C. (1983) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.58.5.398-a · Cited by 455 · see citing works
The DSM-IV Rates of Child and Adolescent Disordersin Puerto Rico
CANINO, G. J., Shrout, P. E., Rubio‐Stipec, M., Bird, H., Bravo, M., Ramírez, R., Chavez, L. M., Alegria, M. M., Bauermeister, J. J., Hohmann, A. A., et al. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.1.85 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Follow‐up of Hard‐to‐Manage Preschoolers: Adjustment at Age 9 and Predictors of Continuing Symptoms
Campbell, S. B. G., & Ewing, L. J. (1990) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00831.x · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Psychiatric Disorders in Pediatric Primary Care
Costello, E. J. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800360055008 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Recent life events, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and the onset of major depression in high-risk adolescents
Goodyer, I. M., Herbert, J., Tamplin, A., & Altham, P. M. E. (2000) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.177.6.499 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Two Approaches to the Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Infancy and Early Childhood
Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., Drell, M. J., & Larrieu, J. A. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199502000-00014 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Validity of DSM‐IV Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder for Younger Children
LAHEY, B. B., PELHAM, W. E., STEIN, M. A., LONEY, J., TRAPANI, C., NUGENT, K., KIPP, H., SCHMIDT, E., LEE, S., CALE, M., et al. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199807000-00008 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Temperament in Early Childhood
Rowe, D., & Plomin, R. J. (1977) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4102_5 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Depression in children and adolescents.
Toolan, J. M. (1962) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1962.tb00290.x · Cited by 410 · see citing works
The search for the age of ‘onset’ of physical aggression: Rousseau and Bandura revisited
Tremblay, R. E., Japel, C., Pérusse, D., McDuff, P., Boivin, M., Zoccolillo, M., & Montplaisir, J. Y. (1999) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.288 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
DC:0-3R : Diagnostic classification of mental health and developmental disorders of infancy and early childhood
Three, Z. T. (2005) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Psychiatric Comorbidity and Functioning in Clinically Referred Preschool Children and School-Age Youths With ADHD
WILENS, T. E., BIEDERMAN, J., BROWN, S., TANGUAY, S., MONUTEAUX, M. C., BLAKE, C., & SPENCER, T. J. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200203000-00005 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Handbook of infant, toddler, and preschool mental health assessment.
DelCarmen‐Wiggins, R., & Carter, A. S. (2004) · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Issues of taxonomy and comorbidity in the development of conduct disorder
Hinshaw, S. P., Lahey, B. B., & Hart, E. L. (1993) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400004247 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Temperament and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Development of a Multiple Pathway Model
Nigg, J. T., Goldsmith, H. H., & Sachek, J. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3301_5 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Development of executive attention in preschool children
Jones, L. B., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2003) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/1467-7687.00307 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Predicting preschoolers' externalizing behaviors from toddler temperament, conflict, and maternal negativity.
Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K. B., Dwyer, K. M., & Hastings, P. D. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.164 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
PREVALENCE OF BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS IN 3‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN: AN EP1DEMIOLOGICAL STUDY IN A LONDON BOROUGH
Richman, N., Stevenson, J., & GRAHAM, P. J. (1975) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1975.tb00362.x · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Three-year predictive validity of DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children diagnosed at 4-6 years of age.
Lahey, B., Pelham, W., Loney, J., Kipp, H. L., Ehrhardt, A., Lee, S. S., Willcutt, E., Hartung, C. M., Chronis, A. M., & Massetti, G. M. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.2014 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Infant and Toddler Pathways Leading to Early Externalizing Disorders
Shaw, D. S., Owens, E. B., Giovannelli, J. L., & Winslow, E. B. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200101000-00014 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
More than the Terrible Twos: The Nature and Severity of Behavior Problems in Clinic-Referred Preschool Children
Keenan, K., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1005118000977 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Psychiatric Disorders With Onset in the Preschool Years: I. Stability of Diagnoses
Lavigne, J. V., Arend, R. A., Rosenbaum, D. L., Binns, H. J., Christoffel, K. K., & Gibbons, R. D. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199812000-00007 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
A twin study of anxiety-related behaviours in pre-school children
Eley, T. C., Bolton, D., O'Connor, T. G., Perrin, S., Smith, P., & Plomin, R. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00179 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Temperamental and familial predictors of violent and nonviolent criminal convictions: Age 3 to age 18.
Henry, B., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1996) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.4.614 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Pre-school to school: A behavioural study.
Richman, N., Stevenson, J. L., & Graham, P. J. (1982) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Mother-Child Interaction at Age Two Years and Perceived Difficult Temperament
Lee, C. L., & Bates, J. E. (1985) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1985.tb00199.x · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Genetic Studies of Autism: From the 1970s into the Millennium
Rutter, M. L. (2000) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1005113900068 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Perspectives on behavioral inhibition
Reznick, J. S., & John, D. R. (1989) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Sleep and Behavior Problems Among Preschoolers
Lavigne, J. V., Arend, R. A., Rosenbaum, D. L., Smith, A. W., Weissbluth, M., Binns, H. J., & Christoffel, K. K. (1999) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199906000-00005 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Fearlessness, Stimulation-Seeking, and Large Body Size at Age 3 Years as Early Predispositions to Childhood Aggression at Age 11 Years
Raine, A., Reynolds, C. A., Venables, P. H., Mednick, S. A., & Farrington, D. P. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.8.745 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Early Preschool Predictors of Preadolescent Internalizing and Externalizing DSM-IV Diagnoses
MESMAN, J., & KOOT, H. M. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200109000-00011 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Early risk factors and pathways in the development of early disruptive behavior problems
Shaw, D. S., Owens, E. B., Vondra, J. I., Keenan, K. E., & Winslow, E. B. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007367 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Evidence for the Continuity of Early Problem Behaviors: Application of a Developmental Model
Keenan, K. E., Shaw, D. S., Delliquadri, E., Giovannelli, J. L., & Walsh, B. (1998) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1022647717926 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
A TWELVE-YEAR FOLLOW-UP OF PRESCHOOL HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN
McGee, R. O., Partridge, F. M., Williams, S., & Silva, P. A. (1991) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199103000-00010 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Mother-Child Interaction at Age Two Years and Perceived Difficult Temperament
Lee, C. L., & Bates, J. E. (1985) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130246 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Adolescents with ADHD: Patterns of behavioral adjustment, academic functioning, and treatment utilization
Barkley, R. A., Anastopoulos, A. D., Guevremont, D. C., & Fletcher, K. E. (1991) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0890-8567(10)80010-3 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Are planning, working memory, and inhibition associated with individual differences in preschool ADHD symptoms?
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Dalen, L., Daley, D., & Remington, B. (2002) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2103_3 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Attention-deficit hyperactivity and conduct disorder: Comorbidity and implications for treatment.
Abikoff, H., & Klein, R. G. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.60.6.881 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
A developmental study of the behavior problems of normal children between twenty-one months and fourteen years.
Macfarlane, J. W., Allen, L. A., & Honzik, M. P. (1954) · PubMed · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Identification and Management of Psychosocial and Developmental Problems in Community-Based, Primary Care Pediatric Practices
Horwitz, S. M., Leaf, P. J., Leventhal, J. M., Forsyth, B. W. C., & Speechley, K. N. (1992) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.89.3.480 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Behavioral and Emotional Problems Among Preschool Children in Pediatric Primary Care: Prevalence and Pediatricians' Recognition
Lavigne, J. V., Binns, H. J., Christoffel, K. K., Rosenbaum, D. L., Arend, R. A., Smith, K., Hayford, J. R., & MCGuire, P. A. (1993) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.91.3.649 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Temperament and novelty seeking in adolescent substance use: Convergence of dimensions of temperament with constructs from Cloninger's theory.
Wills, T. A., Windle, M. T., & Cleary, S. D. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.2.387 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
DEPRESSION IN CHILDHOOD
Rie, H. E. (1966) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)61960-9 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Attention-deficit hyperactivity and conduct disorder: comorbidity and implications for treatment.
Abikoff, H., & Klein, R. G. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.60.6.881 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Risk Indicators: Assessment of Infancy Predictors of Pre‐School Behavioural Maladjustment
Sanson, A. V., Oberklaid, F., Pedlow, R., & Prior, M. R. (1991) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00338.x · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Antecedents of Preschool Children's Internalizing Problems: A Longitudinal Study of Low-Income Families
Shaw, D. S., Keenan, K. E., Vondra, J. I., DELLIQUARDI, E., & Giovannelli, J. L. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199712000-00025 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
The Clinical Picture of Depression in Preschool Children
Luby, J. L., Heffelfinger, A. K., Mrakotsky, C., Brown, K., HESSLER, M. J., WALLIS, J. M., & Spitznagel, E. L. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200303000-00015 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Worry in Normal Children
MURIS, P., MEESTERS, C., MERCKELBACH, H., SERMON, A., & ZWAKHALEN, S. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199807000-00009 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC)
March, J. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410610621-2 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS IN PRE‐SCHOOL CHILDREN
Jenkins, S., BAX, M. C. O., & Hart, H. (1980) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1980.tb00011.x · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Follow-Up of a Preschool Epidemiological Sample: Cross-Age Continuities and Predictions of Later Adjustment with Internalizing and Externalizing Dimensions of Behavior
Fischer, M., Rolf, J. E., Hasazi, J. E., & Cummings, L. (1984) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129840 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Young Preschoolers: Cross-Cultural Testing of the Validity of the Child Behavior Checklist/2-3
Koot, H. M., van den Oord, E. J. C. G., Verhulst, F. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (1997) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1025791814893 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Preschool Major Depressive Disorder: Preliminary Validation for Developmentally Modified DSM-IV Criteria
Luby, J. L., Heffelfinger, A. K., Mrakotsky, C., HESSLER, M. J., Brown, K., & HILDEBRAND, T. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200208000-00011 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Temperament and novelty seeking in adolescent substance use: Convergence of dimensions of temperament with constructs from Cloninger's theory.
Wills, T. A., Windle, M. T., & Cleary, S. D. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.387 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Representativeness of clinical samples of youths with mental disorders: A preliminary population-based study.
Goodman, S. H., LAHEY, B. B., Fielding, B., Dulcan, M. K., Narrow, W. E., & Regier, D. A. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.1.3 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Adolescent Outcomes of Childhood Disorders: The Consequences of Severity and Impairment
Costello, E. J., Angold, A. C., & Keeler, G. P. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199902000-00010 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychiatric Epidemiology: It’s Not Just About Counting Anymore
Insel, T. R., & Fenton, W. S. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.590 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Preschool Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Prevalence, Diagnosis, Neurobiology, and Stimulant Treatment
Connor, D. F. (2002) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200202001-00002 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Natural categories or fundamental dimensions: On carving nature at the joints and the rearticulation of psychopathology
PICKLES, A., & ANGOLD, A. (2003) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579403000282 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citation
DSM-III-R Disorders in Preschool Children From Low-Income Families
Keenan, K. E., Shaw, D. S., Walsh, B., Delliquadri, E., & Giovannelli, J. L. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199705000-00012 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Alterations in Stress Cortisol Reactivity in Depressed Preschoolers Relative to Psychiatric and No-Disorder Comparison Groups
Luby, J. L., Heffelfinger, A., Mrakotsky, C., Brown, K., Hessler, M., & Spitznagel, E. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.12.1248 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Trends in the Use of Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics in Children and Adolescents
Patel, N. C., Crismon, M. L., Hoagwood, K., Johnsrud, M. T., Rascati, K. L., Wilson, J. P., & Jensen, P. S. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000157543.74509.c8 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in 4- to 17-Year-Old Children in the General Population
Pineda, D. A., Ardila, A., Rosselli, M., Arias, B. E., Henao, G. C., Gómez, L. F., Mejía-Arango, S., & Miranda, M. L. (1999) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1021932009936 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
The Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA): A Structured Parent Interview for Diagnosing Psychiatric Disorders in Preschool Children.
EGGER, H. L., & Angold, A. C. (2004) · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychiatric disorders: Problems of boundaries and comorbidity.
Klein, D. N., & Riso, L. P. (1993) · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Who gets treated? Factors associated with referral in children with psychiatric disorders
Costello, E. J., & Janiszewski, S. (1990) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb05492.x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
DSM-IV Symptoms in Community and Clinic Preschool Children
Gadow, K. D., Sprafkin, J. N., & Nolan, E. E. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200112000-00008 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Linking temperamental fearfulness and anxiety symptoms: a behavior–genetic perspective
Goldsmith, H. H., & Lemery‐Chalfant, K. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01003-9 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Prevalence of Behavior Problems in 3-Year-Old Children
Earls, F. J. (1980) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780230071010 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in youth: Treatment implications.
Kendall, P. C., Kortlander, E., Chansky, T. E., & Brady, E. U. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.60.6.869 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Familiality and Heritability of Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a Population Sample of Adolescent Female Twins
Todd, R. D., Rasmussen, E. R., Neuman, R. J., Reich, W., Hudziak, J. J., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., & Heath, A. C. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1891 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Preschool boys with oppositional defiant disorder: clinical presentation and diagnostic change.
Speltz, M. L., McClellan, J., Deklyen, M., & Jones, K. S. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199907000-00013 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS AND LANGUAGE ABILITIES AT THREE YEARS AND BEHAVIOURAL DEVIANCE AT EIGHT YEARS
Stevenson, J., Richman, N., & Graham, P. (1985) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1985.tb02261.x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Difficult Temperament and Behaviour Problems: A Longitudinal Study from 1.5 to 12 Years
Guerin, D. W., Gottfried, A. W., & Thomas, C. W. (1997) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/016502597384992 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Research Diagnostic Criteria for Infants and Preschool Children: The Process and Empirical Support
Scheeringa, M. S. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200312000-00018 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Can a Valid Diagnosis of Disruptive Behavior Disorder Be Made in Preschool Children?
Keenan, K. E., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.351 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
PARENT‐REFERRED PROBLEM THREE‐YEAR‐OLDS: FOLLOW‐UP AT SCHOOL ENTRY
Campbell, S. B. G., Ewing, L. J., Breaux, A. M., & Szumowski, E. K. (1986) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00635.x · Cited by 151 · see citing works
NOTES ON CHILDHOOD DEPRESSION.
SANDLER, J., & Joffe, W. G. (1965) · PubMed · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Temperament and Home Environment Characteristics as Causal Factors in the Early Development of Childhood Psychopathology
Earls, F. J., & Jung, K. G. (1987) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198707000-00005 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Attachment in preschoolers with disruptive behavior: A comparison of clinic-referred and nonproblem children
Speltz, M. L., Greenberg, M. T., & DeKlyen, M. (1990) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400000572 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Temperament dimensions explain the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders
Battaglia, M., Przybeck, T. R., Bellodi, L., & Cloninger, C. R. (1996) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(96)90008-5 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Irritability in pediatric mania and other childhood psychopathology
LEIBENLUFT, E., BLAIR, R. J. R., CHARNEY, D. S., & PINE, D. S. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1301.022 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Development as progressive inhibitory control of action: retrieval of a contiguous object
Diamond, A., & Gilbert, J. (1989) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/0885-2014(89)90007-5 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Neuropsychological characteristics and test behaviors of boys with early onset conduct problems.
Speltz, M. L., DeKlyen, M., Calderon, R., Greenberg, M. T., & Fisher, P. A. (1999) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.108.2.315 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Early Parent–Child Relations and Family Functioning of Preschool Boys with Pervasive Hyperactivity
Keown, L. J., & Woodward, L. J. (2002) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1020803412247 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Basic issues in psychopathology
Costello, C. G. (1993) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Short-Term Outcome of Major Depression: II. Life Events, Family Dysfunction, and Friendship Difficulties as Predictors of Persistent Disorder
Goodyer, I. M., Herbert, J., Tamplin, A., SECHER, S. M., & PEARSON, J. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199704000-00009 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Twin Study of Temperament and Behavior Problems: Common Genetic or Environmental Influences?
Gjone, H., & Stevenson, J. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199710000-00028 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Genetic etiology of behavioral inhibition among 2-year-old children
DiLalla, L. F., Kagan, J., & Reznick, J. S. (1994) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/0163-6383(94)90032-9 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Validity of DSM-IV Conduct Disorder in 4½–5-Year-Old Children: A Longitudinal Epidemiological Study
Kim-Cohen, J., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Tomás, M. P., Taylor, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1108 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Child psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial impairment: relationship and prognostic significance
Pickles, A. R., Rowe, R., Simonoff, E. A., Foley, D. L., Rutter, M. L., & Silberg, J. L. (2001) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.179.3.230 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Prevention, the appropriate target of infant psychotherapy
Fonagy, P. (1998) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(199822)19:2 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Differences between preschool children with ODD, ADHD, and ODD+ADHD symptoms
Gadow, K. D., & Nolan, E. E. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00012 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Early Intervention for Preschool-Age Children with ADHD
McGoey, K. E., Eckert, T. L., & DuPaul, G. J. (2002) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/106342660201000103 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The Development of Patterns of Stable, Transient, and School-Age Onset Aggressive Behavior in Young Children
Kingston, L., & Prior, M. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199503000-00021 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The role of frontal activation in the regulation and dysregulation of social behavior during the preschool years
Fox, N. A., Schmidt, L. A., Calkins, S. D., Rubin, K. H., & Coplan, R. J. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400006982 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
An integrative, multidisciplinary approach to the study of brain–behavior relations in the context of typical and atypical development
NELSON, C. A., BLOOM, F. E., CAMERON, J. L., AMARAL, D., DAHL, R. E., & PINE, D. (2002) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579402003061 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Associations Between Expressed Emotion and Child Behavioral Inhibition and Psychopathology: A Pilot Study
HIRSHFELD, D. R., Biederman, J., Brody, L. R., Faraone, S. V., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199702000-00011 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
An organizational perspective on the self.
Sroufe, L. A. (1990) · Cited by 121 · see citing works
A genetic study of maternal and paternal ratings of problem behaviors in 3-year-old twins.
van den Oord, E. J. C. G., Verhulst, F. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.105.3.349 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Integrating Research on Temperament and Childhood Psychopathology: Its Pitfalls and Promise
Frick, P. J. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3301_1 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The revised version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED‐R): Treatment sensitivity in an early intervention trial for childhood anxiety disorders
Muris, P., Mayer, B., Bartelds, E., Tierney, S., & Bogie, N. (2001) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466501163724 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The incidence, prevalence, and severity of behavior disorders among preschool-aged children in day care
Crowther, J. H., Bond, L. A., & Rolf, J. E. (1981) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00917855 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Longitudinal Relations between Temperament Traits and Behavioral Syndromes in Middle Childhood
Rende, R. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199303000-00008 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Familial clustering of latent class and DSM‐IV defined attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes
Rasmussen, E., Neuman, R. J., Heath, A. C., Lévy, F., Hay, D. A., & Todd, R. D. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00248.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Association between behaviour at age 3 years and adult criminality
Stevenson, J., & Goodman, R. (2001) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.179.3.197 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
A Twin‐Singleton Comparison of Problem Behaviour in 2‐3‐Year‐Olds
van den Oord, E. J. C. G., Koot, H. M., Boomsma, D. I., Verhulst, F. C., & Orlebeke, J. F. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01302.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Mental Health Service Use Among Young Children Receiving Pediatric Primary Care
Lavigne, J. V., Arend, R. A., Rosenbaum, D. L., Binns, H. J., Christoffel, K. K., BURNS, A., & Smith, A. P. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199811000-00017 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Behavioral inhibition and disinhibition as hypothesized precursors to psychopathology
Hirshfeld‐Becker, D. R., Biederman, J., Calltharp, S., Rosenbaum, E. D., Faraone, S. V., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00316-0 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Comorbidity: concepts, claims and choices
Rutter, M. L. (1997) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.190 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Behaviour Problems in Pre-School Children: Family and Social Factors
Richman, N. (1977) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.131.5.523 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
"Comorbidity" in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Categorical and Quantitative Perspectives
Achenbach, T. M. (1990) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.1990.1.271 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Replication of the latent class structure of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) subtypes in a sample of Australian twins
Rasmussen, E. R., Neuman, R. J., Heath, A. C., Lévy, F., Hay, D. A., & Todd, R. D. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00229 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Seriously depressed preschoolers
Kashani, J. H., & Carlson, G. A. (1987) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.144.3.348 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Psychiatric Disorders With Onset in the Preschool Years: II. Correlates and Predictors of Stable Case Status
Lavigne, J. V., Arend, R. A., Rosenbaum, D. L., Binns, H. J., Christoffel, K. K., & Gibbons, R. D. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199812000-00008 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Disruptive Behavior in Young Children: What Does It Mean?
Thomas, J. M., & Guskin, K. A. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200101000-00015 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile. KAPP.
Weinryb, R. M., & Rössel, R. J. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Modification of DSM-IV Criteria for Depressed Preschool Children
Luby, J. L., Mrakotsky, C., Heffelfinger, A. K., Brown, K., HESSLER, M. J., & Spitznagel, E. L. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1169 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Attachment disorders in infancy and early childhood: A preliminary investigation of diagnostic criteria
Boris, N. W., Zeanah, C. H., Larrieu, J. A., Scheeringa, M. S., & Heller, S. S. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.2.295 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Patterns of Psychopathology and Dysfunction in Clinically Referred Preschoolers
Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., BROWN, S., Monuteaux, M. C., Prince, J. B., & Spencer, T. J. (2002) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200202001-00006 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Categorical Models of Childhood Disorder: A Conceptual and Empirical Analysis
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00306 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The Development of Normal Fear: A Review *
Marks, I. S. (1987) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1987.tb01552.x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Diagnostic classification, 0-3 : diagnostic classification of mental health and developmental disorders of infancy and early childhood
Three, Z. T. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Prevalence of problem behavior in Dutch children aged 2‐3
Koot, H. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (1991) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb10574.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
A genetic study of maternal and paternal ratings of problem behaviors in 3-year-old twins.
van den Oord, E. J. C. G., Verhulst, F. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.105.3.349 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Comorbidity of Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Nottelmann, E. D., & Jensen, P. S. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9044-3_3 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Clinical Significance and Correlates of Disruptive Behavior in Environmentally At-Risk Preschoolers
Wakschlag, L. S., & Keenan, K. E. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3002_13 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Factor and Latent Class Analysis of DSM-IV ADHD Symptoms in a School Sample of Brazilian Adolescents
Rohde, L. A., Barbosa, G. A., Polanczyk, G. V., Eizirik, M., RASMUSSEN, E. R., Neuman, R. J., & Todd, R. D. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200106000-00017 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Social–Cognitive Processes in Preschool Boys With and Without Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Coy, K. C., Speltz, M. L., DeKlyen, M., & Jones, K. A. (2001) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1005279828676 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Temperament and Major Depression in 11 to 16 Year Olds
Goodyer, I. M., Ashby, L., ALTHAM, P. M. E., Vize, C. M., & Cooper, P. (1993) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02099.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Toward Establishing an Empirical Basis for the Diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Angold, A. C., & Costello, E. J. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199609000-00018 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Depressed Child and Adolescent: Developmental and Clinical Perspectives
KIM-LEFF, M. (1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.7.963-a · Cited by 82 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Untitled work
(2009)
Epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescents
Merikangas, K. R., Nakamura, E. F., & Kessler, R. C. (2009) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2009.11.1/krmerikangas · Cited by 1,246 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the parent and teacher versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for 4- to 12-year-olds: A review
Stone, L. L., Otten, R., Engels, R. C. M. E., Vermulst, A. A., & Janssens, J. M. A. M. (2010) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0071-2 · Cited by 1,031 · see citing works
Mathematics anxiety: what have we learned in 60 years?
Dowker, A., Sarkar, A., & Looi, C. Y. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00508 · Cited by 811 · see citing works
The Developmental Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders: Phenomenology, Prevalence, and Comorbidity
Costello, E. J., EGGER, H. L., & Angold, A. C. (2005) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2005.06.003 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
Self-citation
Untitled work
(2013) · PubMed · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Longitudinal patterns of anxiety from childhood to adulthood: the Great Smoky Mountains Study
Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., Shanahan, L., & Costello, E. J. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.017 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in preschoolers
Wichstrøm, L., Berg‐Nielsen, T. S., Angold, A. C., EGGER, H. L., Buøen, E. S., & Sveen, T. H. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02514.x · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Self-citation
Developmental origins of disruptive behaviour problems: the ‘original sin’ hypothesis, epigenetics and their consequences for prevention
Tremblay, R. E. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02211.x · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Research Review: DSM‐V conduct disorder: research needs for an evidence base
Moffitt, T. E., order, A. I. A., Arseneault, L., Jaffee, S. R., Kim‐Cohen, J., Koenen, K. C., Odgers, C. L., Slutske, W. S., & Viding, E. M. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01823.x · Cited by 442 · see citing works
The Prevalence of ADHD, ODD, Depression, and Anxiety in a Community Sample of 4-Year-Olds
Lavigne, J. V., LeBailly, S. A., Hopkins, J., Gouze, K. R., & Binns, H. J. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410902851382 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Migrant Parents and the Psychological Well-Being of Left-Behind Children in Southeast Asia
Graham, E., & Jordan, L. P. (2011) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00844.x · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Correlates of DSM-5 Proposed Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Egger, H. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010132 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Self-citation
Developmental pathways in oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder.
Rowe, R., Costello, E. J., Angold, A. C., Copeland, W., & Maughan, B. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020798 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Self-citation
Co-occurring Psychiatric Disorders in Preschool and Elementary School-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Salazar, F., Baird, G., Chandler, S., Tseng, E., O’sullivan, T., Howlin, P., Pickles, A., & Simonoff, E. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2361-5 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Sexual selection and sex differences in the prevalence of childhood externalizing and adolescent internalizing disorders.
Martel, M. M. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0032247 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Cumulative prevalence of psychiatric disorders by young adulthood: A prospective cohort analysis from the Great Smoky Mountains Study
Copeland, W., Shanahan, L., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.014 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychiatric Disorders in Preschoolers: Continuity From Ages 3 to 6
Bufferd, S. J., Dougherty, L. R., Carlson, G. A., Rose, S., & Klein, D. N. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12020268 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Assessment and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Wehry, A. M., Beesdo‐Baum, K., Hennelly, M. M., Connolly, S. D., & Strawn, J. R. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0591-z · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Preschool Psychopathology Reported by Parents in 23 Societies
Ivanova, M. Y., Achenbach, T. M., Rescorla, L. A., Harder, V. S., Ang, R. P.-H., Bilenberg, N., Bjarnadottir, G., Capron, C., Pauw, S. S. W. D., Dias, P., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.08.019 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Do early father–infant interactions predict the onset of externalising behaviours in young children? Findings from a longitudinal cohort study
Ramchandani, P. G., Domoney, J., Sethna, V., Psychogiou, L., Vlachos, H., & Murray, L. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02583.x · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Diagnostic transitions from childhood to adolescence to early adulthood
Copeland, W., Adair, C. E., Smetanin, P., Stiff, D., Briante, C., Colman, I., Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Poulton, R., Costello, E. J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12062 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citation
The developmental psychopathology of irritability
Leibenluft, E., & Stoddard, J. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000722 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Psychosocial Treatment Efficacy for Disruptive Behavior Problems in Very Young Children: A Meta-Analytic Examination
Comer, J. S., Chow, C., Chan, P. T., Cooper‐Vince, C. E., & Wilson, L. A. S. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.10.001 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Behavioral inhibition in preschool children at risk is a specific predictor of middle childhood social anxiety: a five-year follow-up
Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R., Biederman, J., Henin, A., Faraone, S. V., Davis, S., Harrington, K., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (2007) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/01.dbp.0000268559.34463.d0 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Promoting Optimal Parenting and Children’s Mental Health: A Preliminary Evaluation of the How-to Parenting Program
Joussemet, M., Mageau, G. A., & Koestner, R. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9751-0 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Attention Biases to Threat Link Behavioral Inhibition to Social Withdrawal over Time in Very Young Children
Pérez-Edgar, K., Reeb-Sutherland, B. C., McDermott, J. M., White, L. K., Henderson, H. A., Degnan, K. A., Hane, A. A., Pine, D. S., & Fox, N. A. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9495-5 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Research review: A meta‐analysis of the international prevalence and comorbidity of mental disorders in children between 1 and 7 years
Vasileva, M., Graf, R. K., Reinelt, T., Petermann, U., & Petermann, F. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13261 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Psychopharmacological Treatment for Very Young Children: Contexts and Guidelines
Gleason, M. M., EGGER, H. L., Emslie, G. J., Greenhill, L. L., Kowatch, R. A., Lieberman, A. F., Luby, J. L., Owens, J. A., Scahill, L. D., Scheeringa, M. S., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181570d9e · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cognitive behavioral therapy for 4- to 7-year-old children with anxiety disorders: A randomized clinical trial.
Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R., Masek, B., Henin, A., Blakely, L. R., Pollock-Wurman, R. A., McQuade, J., DePetrillo, L., Briesch, J., Ollendick, T. H., Rosenbaum, J. F., et al. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019055 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Preschool Depression
Luby, J. L., Si, X., Belden, A. C., Tandon, M., & Spitznagel, E. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.97 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Remotely delivering real-time parent training to the home: An initial randomized trial of Internet-delivered parent–child interaction therapy (I-PCIT).
Comer, J. S., Furr, J. M., Miguel, E. M., Cooper‐Vince, C. E., Carpenter, A. L., Elkins, R. M., Kerns, C. E., Cornacchio, D., Chou, T., Coxe, S. J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000230 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Meta-meta-analysis on the effectiveness of parent-based interventions for the treatment of child externalizing behavior problems
Mingebach, T., Kamp‐Becker, I., Christiansen, H., & Weber, L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202855 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Head circumference and height abnormalities in autism revisited: the role of pre- and perinatal risk factors
Schrieken, M., Visser, J. C., Oosterling, I. J., van Steijn, D. J., Bons, D. M. A., Draaisma, J. M. T., van der Gaag, R. J., Buitelaar, J. K., Donders, R., & Rommelse, N. N. J. (2012) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0318-1 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Barriers to, and facilitators of, parenting programmes for childhood behaviour problems: a qualitative synthesis of studies of parents' and professionals' perceptions
Koerting, J., Smith, E., Knowles, M. M., Latter, S., Elsey, H., McCann, D. C., Thompson, M., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2013) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0401-2 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Internalizing Disorders in Early Childhood: A Review of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
Tandon, M., Cardeli, E., & Luby, J. L. (2009) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.004 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
International Comparisons of Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Preschool Children: Parents' Reports From 24 Societies
Rescorla, L. A., Achenbach, T. M., Ivanova, M. Y., Harder, V. S., Otten, L., Bilenberg, N., Bjarnadottir, G., Capron, C., Pauw, S. S. W. D., Dias, P., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.563472 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Trajectories of Preschool Disorders to Full DSM Depression at School Age and Early Adolescence: Continuity of Preschool Depression
Luby, J. L., Gaffrey, M. S., Tillman, R., April, L. M., & Belden, A. C. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13091198 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Diagnosis in Preschool- and Elementary School-Age Children Exposed to Motor Vehicle Accidents
Meiser‐Stedman, R., Smith, P. A., Glucksman, E., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07081282 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Evaluating the Implementation of the Pyramid Model for Promoting Social-Emotional Competence in Early Childhood Classrooms
Hemmeter, M. L., Snyder, P., Fox, L., & Algina, J. J. (2016) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/0271121416653386 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Untitled work
Nakao (2009) · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.10.003 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prevalence of DSM-IV Disorder in a Representative, Healthy Birth Cohort at School Entry
Carter, A. S., Wagmiller, R. J., Gray, S. A. O., McCarthy, K. J., Horwitz, S. M., & Briggs‐Gowan, M. J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.018 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Trauma in Early Childhood: A Neglected Population
Young, A. D., Kenardy, J. A., & Cobham, V. E. (2011) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0094-3 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Research Review: ‘Ain’t misbehavin’: Towards a developmentally‐specified nosology for preschool disruptive behavior
Wakschlag, L. S., Tolan, P. H., & LEVENTHAL, B. L. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02184.x · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Predictive Validity and Early Predictors of Peer-Victimization Trajectories in Preschool
Barker, E. D., Boivin, M., Brendgen, M. R., Fontaine, N. M. G., Arseneault, L., Vitaro, F., Bissonnette, C., & Tremblay, R. E. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.10.1185 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Every Family: A Population Approach to Reducing Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Children Making the Transition to School
Sanders, M. R., Ralph, A., Sofronoff, K., Gardiner, P. A., Thompson, R., Dwyer, S. B., & Bidwell, K. (2008) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-008-0139-7 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Validity of Evidence-Derived Criteria for Reactive Attachment Disorder: Indiscriminately Social/Disinhibited and Emotionally Withdrawn/Inhibited Types
Gleason, M. M., Fox, N. A., Drury, S., Smyke, A., Egger, H. L., Nelson, C. A., Gregas, M. C., & Zeanah, C. H. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.012 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citation
The prevalence of mental health problems in children 1½ years of age – the Copenhagen Child Cohort 2000
Skovgaard, A. M., Houmann, T., Christiansen, E., Landorph, S., Jørgensen, T., CCC 2000 Study Team, Olsen, E. M., Heering, K., Kaas‐Nielsen, S., Samberg, V., et al. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01659.x · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Light drinking in pregnancy, a risk for behavioural problems and cognitive deficits at 3 years of age?
Kelly, Y., Sacker, A., Gray, R., Kelly, J., Wolke, D., & Quigley, M. A. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyn230 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Learning-Related Behavior Problems at 24 Months of Age: Population-Based Estimates
Morgan, P. L., Farkas, G., Hillemeier, M. M., & Maczuga, S. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9279-8 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Clinical Presentation of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Preschool Children: The Preschoolers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Treatment Study (PATS)
Posner, K., Melvin, G. A., Murray, D. W., Gugga, S. S., Fisher, P. W., Skrobala, A. M., Cunningham, C., Vitiello, B., Abikoff, H., GHUMAN, J. K., et al. (2007) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2007.0075 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
The Assessment of Anxiety Symptoms in Preschool-Aged Children: The Revised Preschool Anxiety Scale
Edwards, S. L., Rapee, R. M., Kennedy, S. J., & Spence, S. H. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374411003691701 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Early childhood aetiology of mental health problems: a longitudinal population-based study
Bayer, J. K., Hiscock, H., Ukoumunne, O. C., Price, A., & Wake, M. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01943.x · Cited by 193 · see citing works
A New Measure to Assess Psychopathic Personality in Children: The Child Problematic Traits Inventory
Colins, O. F., Andershed, H., Frogner, L., López‐Romero, L., Veen, V. C., & Andershed, A. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9385-y · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Co-occurring anxiety and disruptive behavior disorders: The roles of anxious symptoms, reactive aggression, and shared risk processes
Bubier, J. L., & Drabick, D. A. G. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.005 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Is There Room for ‘Development’ in Developmental Models of Information Processing Biases to Threat in Children and Adolescents?
Field, A. P., & Lester, K. J. (2010) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0078-8 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Normative Irritability in Youth: Developmental Findings From the Great Smoky Mountains Study
Copeland, W., Brotman, M. A., & Costello, E. J. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.05.008 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Observational Assessment of Preschool Disruptive Behavior, Part II: Validity of the Disruptive Behavior Diagnostic Observation Schedule (DB-DOS)
Wakschlag, L. S., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., Hill, C., Danis, B., LEVENTHAL, B. L., Keenan, K. E., EGGER, H. L., Cicchetti, D. V., Burns, J. L., & Carter, A. S. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31816c5c10 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Neurodevelopmental Basis of Early Childhood Disruptive Behavior: Irritable and Callous Phenotypes as Exemplars
Wakschlag, L. S., Perlman, S. B., Blair, J., Leibenluft, E., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., & Pine, D. S. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010045 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
The Generation R Study.
van der Voort, Gaillard, R., Albert Hofman, D., de Jongste, J. C., & Duijts, L. (2013) · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Prevalence, comorbidity and course of trauma reactions in young burn‐injured children
Young, A. D., Kenardy, J. A., Cobham, V. E., & Kimble, R. M. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02431.x · Cited by 177 · see citing works
The Stability of Problem Behavior Across the Preschool Years: An Empirical Approach in the General Population
Basten, M., Tiemeier, H. W., Althoff, R. R., van de Schoot, R., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Albert Hofman, D., Hudziak, J. J., Verhulst, F. C., & van der Ende, J. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-9993-y · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Role of Parenting Style in Children’s Behavioral Problems through the Transition from Preschool to Elementary School According to Gender in Japan
Hosokawa, R., & Katsura, T. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16010021 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Personality and Psychopathology: A Stagnant Field in Need of Development
Durbin, C. E., & Hicks, B. M. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1962 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The clinical significance of preschool depression: Impairment in functioning and clinical markers of the disorder
Luby, J. L., Belden, A. C., Pautsch, J., Si, X., & Spitznagel, E. L. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.03.026 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
How is anxiety related to math performance in young students? A longitudinal study of Grade 2 to Grade 3 children
Cargnelutti, E., Tomasetto, C., & Passolunghi, M. C. (2016) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1147421 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Irritable Mood as a Symptom of Depression in Youth: Prevalence, Developmental, and Clinical Correlates in the Great Smoky Mountains Study
Stringaris, A. K., Maughan, B., Copeland, W., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. C. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.017 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citation
Depression in Childhood and Adolescence
Chess, S., Thomas, A., & Hassibi, M. (2012) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318259a93d · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Addressing Early Childhood Emotional and Behavioral Problems
Gleason, M. M., Goldson, E., Yogman, M. W., PEDIATRICS, S. O. D. A. B., Lieser, D. J., DelConte, B. A., Donoghue, E. A., Earls, M. F., Glassy, D. S., McFadden, T., et al. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3025 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Parent-reported mental health in preschoolers: findings using a diagnostic interview
Bufferd, S. J., Dougherty, L. R., Carlson, G. A., & Klein, D. N. (2010) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.08.006 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
A developmental framework for distinguishing disruptive behavior from normative misbehavior in preschool children
Wakschlag, L. S., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., Carter, A. S., Hill, C., Danis, B., Keenan, K. E., McCarthy, K. J., & LEVENTHAL, B. L. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01786.x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in early childhood: A review of unique and shared characteristics and developmental antecedents
Visser, J. C., Rommelse, N. N. J., Greven, C. U., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.019 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Committee on the Prevention of Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse Among Children, Youth, and Young Adults: Research Advances and Promising Interventions
PromisingInterventions, O’Connell, M. E., Boat, T. F., & Warner, K. E. (2009) · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The Application of the Preschool Child Behavior Checklist and the Caregiver–Teacher Report Form to Mainland Chinese Children: Syndrome Structure, Gender Differences, Country Effects, and Inter-Informant Agreement
Liu, J., Cheng, H., & Leung, P. W. L. (2010) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9452-8 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Child and Adolescent Psychopathology ☆
Wilson, L. C., & Scarpa, A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.06368-9 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Psychopathy in childhood: Toward better informing the DSM–5 and ICD-11 conduct disorder specifiers.
Salekin, R. T. (2015) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000150 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Childhood Mental Health Symptoms: National Longitudinal Study of Australian Children
Bayer, J. K., Ukoumunne, O. C., Lucas, N., Wake, M. A., Scalzo, K., & Nicholson, J. M. (2011) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0491 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Research Review: Is anxiety associated with negative interpretations of ambiguity in children and adolescents? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Stuijfzand, S., Creswell, C., Field, A. P., Pearcey, S., & Dodd, H. F. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12822 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
A novel early intervention for preschool depression: findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial
Luby, J. L., Lenze, S. N., & Tillman, R. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02483.x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Psychiatric Disorders in Preschool Offspring of Parents With Bipolar Disorder: The Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study (BIOS)
Birmaher, B. B., Axelson, D., Goldstein, B. I., Monk, K., Kalas, C., Obreja, M., Hickey, M. B., Iyengar, S., Brent, D. A., Shamseddeen, W. A., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09070977 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Parent–Child Interaction Therapy: current perspectives
Lieneman, C. C., Brabson, L. A., Highlander, A., Wallace, N. M., & McNeil, C. B. (2017) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s91200 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Diagnostic specificity and nonspecificity in the dimensions of preschool psychopathology
Sterba, S. K., EGGER, H. L., & Angold, A. C. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01770.x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Parent-Child Psychotherapy Targeting Emotion Development for Early Childhood Depression
Luby, J. L., Barch, D. M., Whalen, D. J., Tillman, R., & Freedland, K. E. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18030321 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Digital Parent Training for Children with Disruptive Behaviors: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials
Baumel, A., Pawar, A. K. S., Kane, J. M., & Correll, C. U. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2016.0048 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Social anxiety disorder: a review of environmental risk factors
Schmidt, L. (2008) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s1799 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Rationale and Considerations for the Internet-Based Delivery of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy
Comer, J. S., Furr, J. M., Cooper‐Vince, C. E., Madigan, R. J., Chow, C., Chan, P. T., Idrobo, F., Chase, R. M., McNeil, C. B., & Eyberg, S. M. (2014) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.07.003 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Internet-Delivered Parenting Program for Prevention and Early Intervention of Anxiety Problems in Young Children: Randomized Controlled Trial
Morgan, A. J., Rapee, R. M., Salim, A., Goharpey, N., Tamir, E., McLellan, L. F., & Bayer, J. K. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.02.010 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Gross motor performance and self‐perceived motor competence in children with emotional, behavioural, and pervasive developmental disorders: a review
Emck, C., Bosscher, R. J., Beek, P. J., & DORELEIJERS, T. A. H. (2009) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03337.x · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Preschool psychopathology: lessons for the lifespan
Angold, A. C., & EGGER, H. L. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01832.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citation
Attention bias and anxiety in young children exposed to family violence
Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., Pollak, S. D., Grasso, D. J., Voss, J. L., Mian, N. D., Zobel, E., McCarthy, K. J., Wakschlag, L. S., & Pine, D. S. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12397 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Preschoolers’ Psychosocial Problems: In the Eyes of the Beholder? Adding Teacher Characteristics as Determinants of Discrepant Parent–Teacher Reports
Berg‐Nielsen, T. S., Buøen, E. S., Belsky, J., & Wichstrøm, L. (2011) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0271-0 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Parent-child interaction therapy emotion development: a novel treatment for depression in preschool children
Lenze, S. N., Pautsch, J., & Luby, J. L. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20770 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Depression and Anxiety in Preschoolers
Whalen, D. J., Sylvester, C. M., & Luby, J. L. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2017.02.006 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders and Behavioral Inhibition in Preschool Children: A Population-Based Study
Paulus, F. W., Backes, A., Sander, C. S., Weber, M., & von Gontard, A. (2014) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-014-0460-8 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Extending Parent–Child Interaction Therapy for Early Childhood Internalizing Problems: New Advances for an Overlooked Population
Carpenter, A. L., Puliafico, A. C., Kurtz, S. M., Pincus, D. B., & Comer, J. S. (2014) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-014-0172-4 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Parent–Child Interaction Therapy With Emotion Coaching for Preschoolers With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Chronis-Tuscano, A. M., Lewis‐Morrarty, E., Woods, K., O’Brien, K., Mazursky-Horowitz, H., & Thomas, S. R. (2014) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.11.001 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Prosocial behavior and childhood trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems: The role of neighborhood and school contexts.
Flouri, E., & Sarmadi, Z. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000076 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Giving Voice to Vulnerable Children: Machine Learning Analysis of Speech Detects Anxiety and Depression in Early Childhood
McGinnis, E. W., Anderau, S. P., Hruschak, J. L., Gurchiek, R. D., Lopez‐Duran, N. L., Fitzgerald, K. D., Rosenblum, K. L., Muzik, M., & McGinnis, R. S. (2019) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2019.2913590 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Attachment, Development, and Mental Health in Abused and Neglected Preschool Children in Foster Care: A Meta-Analysis
Vasileva, M., & Petermann, F. (2016) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838016669503 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Prevalence and course of anxiety disorders and symptoms from preschool to adolescence: a 6‐wave community study
Steinsbekk, S., Ranum, B. M., & Wichstrøm, L. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13487 · Cited by 124 · see citing works

Advances and Directions in Preschool Mental Health Research
Dougherty, L. R., Leppert, K. A., Merwin, S. M., Smith, V. C., Bufferd, S. J., & Kushner, M. R. (2015) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12099 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Diagnostic specificity and nonspecificity in the dimensions of preschool psychopathology
Sterba, S. K., EGGER, H. L., & Angold, A. C. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01770.x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in preschoolers
Wichstrøm, L., Berg‐Nielsen, T. S., Angold, A. C., EGGER, H. L., Buøen, E. S., & Sveen, T. H. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02514.x · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Self-citation
Patterns of Psychopathology and Dysfunction in Clinically Referred Preschoolers
Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., BROWN, S., Monuteaux, M. C., Prince, J. B., & Spencer, T. J. (2002) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200202001-00006 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Prevalence of Psychopathology in Preschool‐Age Children
McDonnell, M. A., & Glod, C. A. (2003) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2003.00141.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Authors: Egger, H. L., & Angold, A.
Affiliations: Duke Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Egger, Helen Link
ORCID: Egger, Helen Link
Venue: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2006-02-22
Volume: 47
Issue: 3-4
Pages: 313-337
ISSN: 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
1469-7610
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01618.x
OpenAlex: W2153372746
Cited by: 1,575
References: 269
Citations by year: 2026: 42 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 112 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 92
FWCI: 6.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Keywords: preschool children, emotional and behavioral disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, childhood anxiety disorders, disease classification, DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, diagnostic validity, comorbidities, early intervention, prevention
MeSH terms: Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Child, Preschool, Humans, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Mood Disorders

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: presentation, nosology, and epidemiology

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks