The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 80 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 50 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes
Open accessAbstract
Little is known about the assessment and treatment of self-stigma in substance abusing populations. This article describes the development of an acceptance based treatment (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - ACT) for self-stigma in individuals in treatment for substance use disorder. We report initial outcomes from a study with 88 participants in a residential treatment program. The treatment involves 6 h of a group workshop focused on mindfulness, acceptance, and values work in relation to self-stigma. Preliminary outcomes showed medium to large effects across a number of variables at post-treatment. Results were as expected with one potential process of change, experiential avoidance, but results with other potential mediators were mixed.
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43 Own result · 32 Not checked yet · 30 Own method · 13 Own interpretation · 7 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Preliminary outcomes showed medium to large effects across a number of variables at post-treatment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Abstract
plainn = 88- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and for overall mental health, F(1, 7, 39) = 4.17, p = 0.048.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Cohort effects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Believability of stigmatizing attitudes was available for all nine cohorts and did not change significantly, t(47) = 0.35, p = 0.73.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Process measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants showed a significant improvement in general mental health as measured by the GHQ, t(47) = 3.79, p = 0.001, d = 0.49”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Secondary outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not on subscales measuring social support from family t(16) = 0.91, p = 0.376”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Secondary outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with participants significantly improving from pre- to post-treatment, t(17) = 2.39, p = 0.029, d = 0.67.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Primary outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or significant others, t(16) = 1.04, p = 0.31.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Secondary outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant effects for change scores on perceived stigma or stigmatizing attitudes believability, which is not surprising as these did not change from pre- to post-treatment in the overall analysis.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Cohort effects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, change scores did increase over time for internalized shame, F(1, 7, 39) = 6.89, p = 0.01”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Cohort effects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“at post-intervention working alliance scores were M = 5.08 (SD = 1.23).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Satisfaction and working alliance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, post assessment working alliance, F(1, 46) = 16.54, p < 0.001, and client satisfaction scores, F(1, 44) = 9.66, p = 0.003, increased over time.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Cohort effects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants showed a significant decrease in self-concealment as measured by the SCS, t(16) = 2.66, p = 0.017, d = 0.65”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Secondary outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there was a significant change on the subscale indicating increased social support from friends, t(16) = 2.56, p = 0.038”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Secondary outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants showed a significant decrease in shame at post treatment as measured by the ISS, t(47) = 4.59, p < 0.001, d = 0.66.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Primary outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forty-four percent reported that most or all of their needs were met by the program, while an additional 42% reported that some of their needs were met.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Satisfaction and working alliance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seventy-two percent of respondents reported being mostly or very satisfied with the workshop.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Satisfaction and working alliance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a significant improvement in self-esteem as measured by the RSE, t(14) = 3.68, p = 0.002, d = 0.89.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Secondary outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we also examined the correlation between changes from pre to post on the AAQ and internalized shame and found that these were also strongly correlated, r(29) = 0.51, p < 0.01.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Relationships between outcomes and processes
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants showed significant improvements on experiential avoidance as measured by the AAQ, t(29) = 3.07, p = 0.005, d = 0.56”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Process measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-treatment AAQ and shame scores were highly correlated, r(29) = 0.70, p < 0.0001, in cohorts 1–5.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Relationships between outcomes and processes
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants did not show any significant change in perceived stigma, t(29) = 1.53, p = 0.14”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Secondary outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forty-four percent reported that most or all of their needs were met by the program, while an additional 42% reported that some of their needs were met.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Satisfaction and working alliance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with no significant change in stigma-related rejection, t(47) = 0.89, p = 0.38.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Secondary outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, post assessment working alliance, F(1, 46) = 16.54, p < 0.001, and client satisfaction scores, F(1, 44) = 9.66, p = 0.003, increased over time.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Cohort effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but did not show any significant changes on rated change in the believability of their reasons for using as measured by the BOR, t(29) = 0.36, p = 0.72, d = 0.07.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Process measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants reported being generally satisfied with the intervention on the CSQ-3, M = 2.73 (SD = 0.78).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Satisfaction and working alliance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant effects for change scores on perceived stigma or stigmatizing attitudes believability, which is not surprising as these did not change from pre- to post-treatment in the overall analysis.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Cohort effects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experiential avoidance as measured by the AAQ-II (available for the last four cohorts) changed significantly, t(17) = 3.56, p = 0.002, d = 0.84.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Process measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to the effects of enacted stigma, individuals with a substance use disorder may be negatively impacted through the effects of self-stigma.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“with enacted stigma (i.e., discrimination toward those with substance problems) occurring in areas such as employment (Link 1987; Penn and Martin 1998; Penn et al. 2002), housing (Page 1983), and social relationships (Luoma et al. 2007; Perlick et al. 2001).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Link 1987
- Not checked yetcites Penn and Martin 1998
- Not checked yetcites Page 1983 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Negative effects from stigma have been demonstrated across a range of mental health problems, including mood disorders (Kelly and Jorm 2007), schizophrenia (Corrigan 2004), borderline personality disorder (Aviram et al. 2006), and substance abuse (Luoma et al. 2007)”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kelly and Jorm 2007
- Not checked yetcites Corrigan 2004
- Not checked yetcites Aviram et al. 2006
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This same model appears to be readily applicable to self-stigma.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No direct measure of this variable exists as we have defined it.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Problems in the measurement self-stigma
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study obtained higher coefficient alphas; a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.97 was obtained at both pre- and post-assessment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Shame
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“At a 6-month follow-up the intervention group was not significantly different from controls on any measure.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Link et al. 2002 source
plainn = 88- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The adopted scale used in the current study also obtained high internal consistency scores; coefficient alpha estimates were 0.82 and 0.92 at pre- and post-assessment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Internalized stigma
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, the fear of being stigmatized is a reported barrier to seeking treatment among those with substance abuse problems (Tuchfeld 1981; Hingson et al. 1982; Klingeman 1991; Cunningham et al. 1993; Tucker et al. 1994).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and direct efforts to get rid of thoughts can result in paradoxical increases in those very thoughts (Macrae et al. 1994; Wenzlaff and Wegner 2000).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Macrae et al. 1994
- Not checked yetcites Wenzlaff and Wegner 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Acceptance and mindfulness strategies provide one way of changing the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and overt actions (Hayes et al. 2004b).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes et al. 2004b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The possibility that it may be easier to modify the link between private experiences and overt behavior rather than the content or frequency of those experiences per se provides an important lead that seems worth exploring in the area of self-stigma.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“We know that the common stereotypes of a culture are not unlearned once they are learned (Devine 1989)”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Devine 1989
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Stigma intervention research to date has largely focused on reducing enacted stigma through intervention such as protesting stigma, education, or promoting positive contact (Corrigan and Penn 1999).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Corrigan and Penn 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, there appear to be no published studies targeting self-stigma in substance abuse.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Little is known about the assessment and treatment of self-stigma in substance-abusing populations.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, these previously developed interventions do not readily translate into a self-stigma paradigm.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“From an ACT perspective, the negative impact of stigmatizing beliefs and attitudes comes not from the presence of such thoughts, but from the function of the thoughts.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes et al. 2004a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Little evidence supports the use of protest or education as an effective form of stigma reduction in the long term (Langer et al. 1976; Macrae et al. 1994; Smart and Wegner 1999, 2000).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Langer et al. 1976 source
- Not checked yetcites Macrae et al. 1994
- Not checked yetcites Smart and Wegner 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fortunately, a well-validated measure of internalized shame exists (Cook 1996).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Problems in the measurement self-stigma
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cook 1996
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, at a 3 month follow-up, the ACT condition showed significant improvements in a measure of burnout.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes et al. 2004d
plaindirectn = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, these data, though uncontrolled, describe the first treatment specifically measuring and targeting self-stigma and shame in substance abuse.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Problems in the measurement self-stigma
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In this controlled trial, 93 drug and alcohol counselors were randomly assigned to one of three 6 h groups, either Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; n = 30), Multicultural Training (n = 34), or training in a biological model of substance abuse (n = 29).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes et al. 2004d
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a person is unwilling to experience these negatively evaluated thoughts and feelings and must instead avoid them, they are unlikely to move forward in their lives in these areas.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second version obtained coefficient alphas of 0.81 and 0.94 at pre- and post-assessment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Experiential avoidance and psychological flexibility
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current study, adequate reliability was obtained, with an estimate of 0.72 and 0.78 (coefficient alphas) at pre- and post-assessment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Stigmatizing attitudes – believability (SAB)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While mediational analyses are not possible due to the lack of a control group, we did examine correlations between the only process variable to significantly change from pre- to post-intervention and that had an adequate sample size to run a correlation, the AAQ and our primary outcome variable, internalized shame.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Relationships between outcomes and processes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This version demonstrated low Cronbach’s alphas (0.50 and 0.69 at pre- and post-assessment) in the current study with the first five groups.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Experiential avoidance and psychological flexibility
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No statistically significant differences were found between completers and non-completers on any pretreatment measures or demographic variables.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Completers
plainn = 88- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These scores are also somewhat low, about one standard deviation on alliance below that found in a general outpatient sample in the fourth session of individual counseling (Busseri and Tyler 2003).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Satisfaction and working alliance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Busseri and Tyler 2003
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The working alliance scale had not previously been used to assess brief group therapies.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our sample showed fairly high initial levels of stigma, on par with those reported in the literature for patients with chronic mental illness (Link et al. 2002; Ritsher and Phelan 2004).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Link et al. 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Ritsher and Phelan 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is the first study specifically designed to assess and reduce self-stigma in substance abusing populations.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: ACT had not previously been applied to self-stigma in any population.
In the paper
“Although ACT has previously been shown in controlled studies to reduce stigmatizing attitudes toward persons in recovery (Hayes et al. 2004d)”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes et al. 2004d
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patient and staff reports indicated that the vast majority of non-completers missed sessions or post-assessment due to conflicting medical or legal appointments or because they were unexpectedly discharged from the residential program.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Completers
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When analyses were conducted with all participants in the model, results were very similar to those reported below.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Completers
plainn = 88- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings further suggest that ACT is a trainable technique that can be learned by others.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Methodological weaknesses of this study include the use of only self-report measures, the lack of a follow-up, the lack of a control group, and concurrent nonspecific treatment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Methodological weaknesses of this study include the use of only self-report measures, the lack of a follow-up, the lack of a control group, and concurrent nonspecific treatment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While internalized stigma and shame decreased during the study, we did not adequately document that people’s relationship to shame changed, beyond the changes seen in scores on our measure of experiential avoidance.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“these results consistent with other studies that have shown that the AAQ tends to improve significantly as a result of an ACT intervention (Hayes et al. 2006)”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes et al. 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Probably the biggest threat to the validity of these outcomes is the presence of ongoing concurrent treatment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus a viable alternative interpretation for all of the results obtained is that treatment in general, rather than the specific intervention, resulted in improved outcomes on all or some of the measures.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that shame and internalized stigma did decrease during the week of intervention suggests that these processes may be more amenable to change in this fashion.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Methodological weaknesses of this study include the use of only self-report measures, the lack of a follow-up, the lack of a control group, and concurrent nonspecific treatment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study provides the first preliminary evidence that methods such as defusion, mindfulness, acceptance, and commitment to valued action may reduce self-stigma in a substance abuse population.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: ACT had not previously been applied to self-stigma in any population.
In the paper
“The Believability of Reasons for Using Scale demonstrated a significant pre- to post-treatment change following ACT in a previous study, on the treatment of polysubstance abuse (Hayes et al. 2004e).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes et al. 2004e
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the finding that the treatment development process appeared to result in larger effects over time suggests that some of these outcomes may not be solely due to nonspecific treatment effects since no significant changes occurred in the concurrent treatment program.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The concurrent treatment program had no significant changes.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Methodological weaknesses of this study include the use of only self-report measures, the lack of a follow-up, the lack of a control group, and concurrent nonspecific treatment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 36
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results were as expected with one potential process of change, experiential avoidance, but results with other potential mediators were mixed.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 88- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven percent (n = 6) reported no experiences with stigma on these questions”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Characterizing the sample
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixty-seven percent (N = 16) reported having had some of their friends reject them when they found out they were using substances.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Characterizing the sample
plainn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“About the same number, 71%, reported that were they to seek help again, they would be interested in returning to this same workshop.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Satisfaction and working alliance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At pre-intervention, completers scored an average of 69.07 (SD = 18.0) on the QOLS. This corresponds to an average rating somewhere between ‘‘mixed’’ and ‘‘mostly satisfied’’ on ratings of different domains of life.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Characterizing the sample
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixty-four percent (N = 16) reported that some people were afraid of them when they found out they were using substances.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Characterizing the sample
plainn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average across the 9 items, 18.9% of respondents reported ‘‘frequently’’, ‘‘almost always’’ or ‘‘always’’ experiencing the various forms of rejection listed in the scale.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Characterizing the sample
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirteen percent (N = 4) reported that employers had paid them a lower wage because they knew they had a substance use history.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Characterizing the sample
plaindirectn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 27 who attended less than 4 h of intervention, 7 completed follow-up assessments enabling assessment of treatment outcomes. This subgroup did not significantly improve on any measures.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Completers
plainn = 27- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On our measure of stigma-related rejection, the mean item score was 3.14 (SD = 1.61), which corresponds to ‘‘seldom’’ on the scale.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Characterizing the sample
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixty-three percent (N = 19) reported unfair treatment because others knew they were using substances.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Characterizing the sample
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixty-five percent (N = 17) reported that some of their family gave up on them when they found out they were using substances.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Characterizing the sample
plainn = 17- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“over 61% (n = 50) reported 3 or more types of rejection.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Characterizing the sample
plainn = 50- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Visual inspection of the data showed an interesting pattern. Dr Hayes, the creator of ACT, was one of the co-leaders of the first two groups and these groups showed effect sizes on shame that corresponded to those of some of the later groups.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once others were leading the groups, the outcomes were initially of lower effect size, but later recovered to levels higher than those obtained by Dr Hayes in the initial two groups.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These problems are particularly severe in the area of substance abuse, which tends to evoke even greater negative social attitudes than schizophrenia (Corrigan et al. 2000; Crisp et al. 2000).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Corrigan et al. 2000
- Not checked yetcites Crisp et al. 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Across a range of studies these measures have proven to mediate outcomes in ACT, indicating that changes in the function of private experiences, and not their form explains ACT outcomes (Hayes et al. 2006).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes et al. 2006
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“What is perhaps most important for present purposes, a measure of believability of stigmatizing attitudes successfully mediated follow-up outcomes (i.e., burnout and the frequency of stigmatizing attitudes) for ACT, but not Multicultural Training.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes et al. 2004d
plaindirectn = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In this population, self-stigma has been associated with delays in treatment seeking (Kushner and Sher 1991; Scambler 1998; Starr et al. 2002), diminished self-esteem/self-efficacy (Wright et al. 2000; Corrigan and Watson 2002; Link et al. 2002) and lower quality of life (Rosenfield 1997).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kushner and Sher 1991
- Not checked yetcites Wright et al. 2000
- Not checked yetcites Rosenfield 1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data on the impact of self-stigma are most extensive with the seriously mentally ill, the majority of whom also have substance use problems.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The strongest evidence is found for interventions that focus on creating personal contact between stigmatizers and those stigmatized, in a positive context (Link et al. 2002; Couture et al. 2006).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Link et al. 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Couture et al. 2006
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that it may be less fruitful to directly attempt to eliminate particular stereotypes, but rather that it may be a more effective strategy to modify the functional link between thoughts, feelings and overt behavior rather than the content or frequency of those thoughts and feelings.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On a measure of the frequency of stigmatizing attitudes, multicultural training improved more than the educational control from pre- to post-treatment while ACT did not.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes et al. 2004d
plaindirectn = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The treatment we chose to apply to self-stigma, ACT, is based on a contemporary behavior analytic theory of language and cognition called Relational Frame Theory (Hayes et al. 2001), which differentiates between contextual events that change the structure of cognitive networks and those that change their function.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes et al. 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In what appears to be the only controlled intervention study to date on enacted substance abuse stigma, ACT was applied as an intervention for substance abuse counselors (Hayes et al. 2004d).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes et al. 2004d
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mindfulness and acceptance procedures appear to be helpful across a wide range of behavioral problems (Hayes et al. 2004c), and both DBT (Linehan et al. 1999, 2002), and ACT (Gifford et al. 2004; Hayes et al. 2004e), have demonstrated impact in the area of addictions.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes et al. 2004c
- Not checked yetcites Linehan et al. 1999
- Not checked yetcites Gifford et al. 2004 source
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pre-treatment correlations between feeling set apart or different (two components of stigma) and depression (r = 0.57) and self esteem (r = 0.49) appeared to be lower at the 2 year follow-up (depression, r = 0.27; self-esteem, r = −0.14)”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Link et al. 2002 source
hedgedconditionaln = 88- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While neither of these measures conforms perfectly to our definition of self-stigma, they do appear to capture a good part of phenomena of interest so that treatment develop can continue while we are developing a better measure of self-stigma.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Problems in the measurement self-stigma
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The ISS and ISSA, despite not perfectly matching the paper's definition of self-stigma, capture a substantial part of the phenomena of interest.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimates of internal consistency (coefficient alpha) of 0.83 at pre- and 0.91 at post-assessment were obtained in the current study.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Stigma-related rejection
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 88 participants who completed the preassessment, 55 (63%) completed follow up. Of these, 48 participants (55%) also attended at least 4 h of the intervention and were therefore defined as completers.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Completers
plainn = 88- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study obtained an adequate internal consistency estimate of 0.84 (coefficient alpha).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Satisfaction
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The coefficient alpha estimate obtained in the present study was 0.93.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Quality of life
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study obtained Cronbach’s alphas of 0.91 at pre-assessment and 0.92 at post-assessment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Perceived stigma
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These scores are fairly low, that is, about one standard deviation worse than a sample of patients with chronic physical illnesses (Burckhardt et al. 1989).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Characterizing the sample
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burckhardt et al. 1989
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While this change limits our ability to make direct comparisons with mental health consumer samples, it seems unlikely to affect the validity of this measure for the purposes of our study.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Stigma-related rejection
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total scale obtained high coefficient alphas, with reliability estimates of 0.92 and 0.95 at pre- and post-assessment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Perceived social support
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study obtained a coefficient alpha of 0.92 at pre-assessment and 0.95 at post-assessment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Self-concealment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current study obtained coefficient alphas of 0.91 at pre-assessment and 0.85 at post-assessment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Self-esteem
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An estimate of 0.92 (coefficient alpha) was obtained in the present study.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Working alliance
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current study obtained slightly higher estimates, obtaining a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.91 at pre- and 0.92 at post-assessment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Overall mental health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cronbach’s alphas indicate high internal validity; the present study obtained coefficient alphas at 0.95 at pre- and 0.97 at post-assessment.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Measures > Believability of reasons for using drugs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the exploratory purposes of this preliminary trial, no attempt was made to adjust for experiment-wise alpha.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and to reduce actual substance use (Hayes et al. 2004e, 2004f)”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes et al. 2004e
- Not checked yetcites Hayes et al. 2004f
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This initial pilot study resulted in a manual that has promise in the reduction of self-stigma.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As reviewed above, ACT largely attempts to modify two specific processes, experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Stigmatizing Attitudes-Believability Scale was developed by asking drug and alcohol counselors to describe common stigmatizing attitudes towards clients”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but these may not be the same thoughts that people in recovery have about themselves.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a number of theorists have suggested that shame needs to be directly targeted in treatment (Dearing et al. 2005; Wiechelt 2007)”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dearing et al. 2005
- Not checked yetcites Wiechelt 2007 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and the AAQ has even been shown to mediate ACT outcomes in at least one study (Bond and Bunce, 2000).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bond and Bunce, 2000
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is common lore in the addictions field that shame is an important part of addiction”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Little is known about the assessment and treatment of self-stigma in substance-abusing populations.
“Little is known about the assessment and treatment of self-stigma in substance abusing populations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The ISS and ISSA, despite not perfectly matching the paper's definition of self-stigma, capture a substantial part of the phenomena of interest.
“While neither of these measures conforms perfectly to our definition of self-stigma, they do appear to capture a good part of phenomena of interest so that treatment develop can continue while we are developing a better measure of self-stigma.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The working alliance scale had not previously been used to assess brief group therapies.
“However, the comparison may not be apt since this scale has apparently not been previously used to assess brief group therapies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
ACT had not previously been applied to self-stigma in any population.
“it has not previously been applied to self-stigma in any population.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The concurrent treatment program had no significant changes.
“since no significant changes occurred in the concurrent treatment program.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No other study in the literature has shown improved outcomes over time during a manual development process.
“We are not aware of any other study in the literature that has shown improved outcomes over time during a manual development process.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Because of the transdiagnostic nature of ACT, it can effectively target common comorbid psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety.85–87”
From Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview (2016) · cites this paper as [86]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Internalized stigma, where an individual identifies with a stigmatized group (such as a chronic illness population), is associated with feeling shame regarding one's stigmatized condition (Akbari, Mohammadi, and Hosseini 2023;Earnshaw et al. 2022;Luoma et al. 2008; The Public Health Agency of Sweden 2024).”
From Illness Stigma and Shame in People With Chronic Illnesses vs. SARS‐CoV‐2 Survivors: Associations With Psychological Distress Through Psychological Flexibility and Self‐Compassion. (2024) · cites this paper as Luoma et al. 2008
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“t(16) = 2.56, p = 0.038”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Secondary outcomes
Reported p = .038 · recomputed p = .021
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upt(16) = 2.56reported p = .038 · recomputed p = .021
“t(16) = 2.56, p = .038”
- Consistentt(47) = 4.59reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(47) = 4.59, p < .001”
- Consistentt(17) = 2.39reported p = .029 · recomputed p = .029
“t(17) = 2.39, p = .029”
- Consistentt(47) = 3.79reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(47) = 3.79, p = .001”
The paper prints p at a floor (such as p < .001)
- Consistentt(47) = 0.89reported p = .38 · recomputed p = .378
“t(47) = 0.89, p = .38”
- Consistentt(29) = 1.53reported p = .14 · recomputed p = .137
“t(29) = 1.53, p = .14”
- Consistentt(16) = 2.66reported p = .017 · recomputed p = .017
“t(16) = 2.66, p = .017”
- Consistentt(14) = 3.68reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002
“t(14) = 3.68, p = .002”
- Consistentt(16) = 0.91reported p = .376 · recomputed p = .376
“t(16) = 0.91, p = .376”
- Consistentt(16) = 1.04reported p = .31 · recomputed p = .314
“t(16) = 1.04, p = .31”
- Consistentt(47) = 0.35reported p = .73 · recomputed p = .728
“t(47) = 0.35, p = .73”
- Consistentt(29) = 3.07reported p = .005 · recomputed p = .005
“t(29) = 3.07, p = .005”
- Consistentt(29) = 0.36reported p = .72 · recomputed p = .721
“t(29) = 0.36, p = .72”
- Consistentt(17) = 3.56reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002
“t(17) = 3.56, p = .002”
- ConsistentF(1, 46) = 16.54reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1, 46) = 16.54, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 44) = 9.66reported p = .003 · recomputed p = .003
“F(1, 44) = 9.66, p = .003”
- Consistentr(29) = 0.7reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“r(29) = 0.70, p < .0001”
- Consistentr(29) = 0.51reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .003
“r(29) = 0.51, p < .01”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Cohort effects
“To assess whether outcomes improved over time as the intervention protocol was refined, we conducted a one way ANOVA on each variable that was available for all nine cohorts; we used a planned linear contrast with cohort number as the grouping variable.”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Results > Secondary outcomes
“Participants did not show any significant change in perceived stigma, t(29) = 1.53, p = 0.14, a measure only available for the first five cohorts.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > References
“32. Hayes SC Wilson KG Gifford EV 2004e A preliminary trial of twelve-step facilitation and acceptance and commitment therapy with polysubstance-abusing methadone-maintained opiate addicts Behavior Therapy 35 4 667 688”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > References
“33. Hayes SC Wilson KG Gifford EV 2004f A randomized controlled trial fo twelve-step facilitation and acceptance and commitment therapy with polysubstance abusing methadone maintained opiate addicts Behavior Therapy 35 667 688”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > Introduction > Stigma intervention research
“In what appears to be the only controlled intervention study to date on enacted substance abuse stigma, ACT was applied as an intervention for substance abuse counselors (Hayes et al. 2004d).”
§ Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes > References
“29. Hayes SC Strosahl K Wilson KG Bissett RT Pistorello J Toarmino D Hayes SC Strosahl KD Wilson KG Bissett RT Pistorello J Toarmino D Polusny MA Dykstra TA Batten SV Bergan J Stewart SH Zvolensky MJ Eifert GH Bond FW Forsyth JP Karekla M McCurry SM 2004d Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model Psychological Record 54 4 553 578”
Citations
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“Changes in processes of this kind are assessed by such measures as the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (Hayes et al. 2006), which examines people’s willingness to accept their undesirable thoughts and feelings, while acting in a way that is congruent with their values and goals, or through…”
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Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Bissett RT, 2002, ProQuest Information & Learning, 63, 10146
- Hayes SC, 2005, Get out of your mind and into your life: The new acceptance and commitment therapy
- 10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80014-5 · DOI · Paper page
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Impact of Mental Illness Stigma on Seeking and Participating in Mental Health Care
Corrigan, P. W., Druss, B. G., & Perlick, D. A. (2014) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100614531398 · Cited by 1,642
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An investigation of stigma in individuals receiving treatment for substance abuse
Luoma, J. B., Twohig, M. P., Waltz, T., Hayes, S. C., Roget, N., Padilla, M., & Fisher, G. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.09.008 · Cited by 555
Self-citation(2010) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 542
Lillis, J., Hayes, S. C., Bunting, K., & Masuda, A. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9083-x · Cited by 459
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Luoma, J. B., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., Bunting, K., & Rye, A. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- Corresponding author
- Luoma, Jason B.
- Venue
- Addiction Research & Theory
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 149-165
- ISSN
- 1058-6989 (ISSN-L)
- 1606-6359
- 1476-7392
- PMC
- PMC5064952
- OpenAlex
- W2100867996
- Cited by
- 353
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 12.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Addiction Research & Theory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA017644)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- self-stigma, substance use disorders, acceptance and commitment therapy, treatment manual development, residential addiction treatment, group workshops, mindfulness, values work, experiential avoidance, change processes, stigma reduction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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