The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Randomized Effectiveness Trial of an Internet, Pure Self-Help, Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Depressive Symptoms in Young Adults
Open accessAbstract
This study evaluated an Internet-delivered, cognitive behavioral skills training program versus a treatment-as-usual (TAU) control condition targeting depression symptoms in young adults aged 18 to 24 years. Potential participants were mailed a recruitment brochure; if interested, they accessed the study website to complete an online consent and baseline assessment. Intervention participants could access the website at their own pace and at any time. Reminder postcards were mailed periodically to encourage return use of the intervention. The pure self-help intervention was delivered without contact with a live therapist. The primary depression outcome measure was the Patient Health Questionnaire, administered at 0, 5, 10, 16, and 32 weeks after enrollment. A small but significant between-group effect was found from Week 0 to Week 32 for the entire sample (N = 160, d = .20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00-0.50), with a moderate effect among women (n = 128, d .42, 95%C1 = 0.09-0.77). Greater depression reduction was associated with two measures of lower website usage, total minutes, and total number of page hits. Although intervention effects were modest, they were observed against a background of substantial TAU depression pharmacotherapy and psychosocial services. Highly disseminable, low-cost, and self-help interventions such as this have the potential to deliver a significant public health benefit.
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“Time spent online was not correlated to outcomes in studies that targeted depression [58] and anxiety [59], but was correlated to outcomes in studies of infertility related distress [60] and body dissatisfaction [61].”
From A Systematic Review of the Impact of Adherence on the Effectiveness of e-Therapies (2011) · cites this paper as [58]
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“Specific daily tasks such as self-monitoring features (e.g. mood or symptom diary) or automated reminders are key elements for monitoring symptom improvement and should therefore be included (Clarke et al., 2009; Wozney et al., 2017).”
From Involving patients' perspective in the development of an internet- and mobile-based CBT intervention for adolescents with chronic medical conditions: Findings from a qualitative study (2021) · cites this paper as Clarke et al., 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Seven studies [52,53,55,63,77-79] developed the intervention that they were evaluating, which may have led to a bias towards more favorable reporting.”
From Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review (2014) · cites this paper as [52]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Overall 76% of the studies included in the review as a whole, and all but 4 studies (43, 66, 68, 74) included in the meta-analysis had some risk of bias.”
From What Works and What Doesn’t Work? A Systematic Review of Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression and Anxiety in Young People (2019) · cites this paper as [43]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The number of pages opened was negatively correlated to outcome in 1 study targeting depression [58] but positively related to outcomes in 2 studies targeting body dissatisfaction [62,63].”
From A Systematic Review of the Impact of Adherence on the Effectiveness of e-Therapies (2011) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“The lack of change in these studies may have been due to small sample sizes, an active comparison group [52], mild mental health problems rather than severe symptoms [79], or the fact that participants had previously sought help or were currently in treatment [78].”
From Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review (2014) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“The quasi-experimental study found a slight but significant increase in help-seeking [52,68,78,79].”
From Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review (2014) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“small sample size [51,52,55,60,68,78,79]”
From Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review (2014) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“No change in help-seeking was found in the three RCTs [52,78,79].”
From Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review (2014) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“A series of studies by Isen and colleagues provided a self-affirmation, coping, and positive emotion intervention to several different patient populations and found an overall relationship between positive affect change and health behavior change[12,13,14,15].”
From An online positive affect skills intervention reduces depression in adults with type 2 diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“An analysis of a number of previous studies of an online intervention for depression in the community and that have used a CBT protocol similar to the intervention in the current study have reported post-treatment effect sizes averaging 1.29, and follow-up effects averaging 1.42, based on samples ranging from 45 – 300 [39,42-48].”
In the citing paper
“Given the rising cost pressure in the mental health domain, skills trainings for various psychological problems have increasingly and successfully been offered as scalable online-based interventions (e.g., Clarke et al., 2009; Rychtarik et al., 2015).”
From Smartphone-Based Emotion Recognition Skills Training for Alexithymia—A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study (2019) · cites this paper as Clarke et al., 2009
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Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Computer-based psychological treatments for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Richards, D., & Richardson, T. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.004 · Cited by 1,442
Internet-Based and Other Computerized Psychological Treatments for Adult Depression: A Meta-Analysis
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Yatham, L. N., Kennedy, S. H., Parikh, S. V., Schaffer, A., Beaulieu, S., Alda, M., O’Donovan, C., MacQUEEN, G. M., McIntyre, R. S., Sharma, V., et al. (2012) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12025 · Cited by 1,230
A Systematic Review of the Impact of Adherence on the Effectiveness of e-Therapies
Donkin, L., Christensen, H., Naismith, S. L., Neal, B., Hickie, I. B., & Glozier, N. (2011) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1772 · Cited by 876
Karyotaki, E., Riper, H., Twisk, J., Hoogendoorn, A., Kleiboer, A., Mira, A., Mackinnon, A., Meyer, B., Botella, C., Littlewood, E., et al. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0044 · Cited by 691
Metadata
- Authors
- Clarke, G., Kelleher, C., Hornbrook, M., DeBar, L., Dickerson, J., & Gullion, C.
- Affiliations
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Venue
- Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-05-13
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 222-234
- ISSN
- 1650-6073 (ISSN-L)
- 1651-2316
- PMC
- PMC2829099
- OpenAlex
- W2017824397
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 10.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R24MH061422)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- online intervention, cognitive behavioral therapy, self-help, depression, young adults, depressive symptoms, medication adherence, website usage, gender differences, dissemination, low-cost interventions
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Self-Help Groups, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Internet, Young Adult
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